The Illinois Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858

Smoking Good or Bad - 1430 Words

According to Global Smoking Statistics, 80,000 and 100,000 youths start smoking everyday. Smoking is everywhere, in shops, restaurants and malls. Smoking can be controlled if the right steps are taken. If you walked around downtown Fort Collins, the odds are good that you will encounter a smoker. The negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects of smoking yet people still do it. There are ways to quit that can make your life better if you smoke. Smoking goes back to 1492 when Christopher Columbus first stepped onto the plains of the new world. Native Americans chewed and inhaled a specific type of leaf, using a toboca pipe to inhale the foreign leaf. It soon became a treasure for the Europeans, after Christopher†¦show more content†¦Associated with simply means occurs together with. Thus the CDC figure incorporated many deaths that were not necessarily caused by smoking. This means that a person who is overweight, has diabetics and a history of heart attacks and dies from smoking, the CDC claims the death to smoking. In Smoking, he claims that smoking is a bad habit, not an addiction. Individuals make a conscious choice to smoke or not to smoke. Although nicotine is proven to be and addictive drug, he claims that it is not the nicotine that causes the habit it is the persons choice. If done properly with the right hygiene, bad breath and yellow teeth can be prevented. A smoker needs to brush their teeth regularly a nd floss. Use mouthwash and if you can find the specific brand proven to control the smoke smell, then use it. Second-hand smoke is not all its made out to be. According to Tobacco and Smoking, the EPA was able to claim only a weak association between second-hand smoke and lung cancer. The risk increase is as low as nineteen percent, which make it difficult to rule out other possibilities of death. Faulty studies can also be linked to false information. When comparing nonsmokers who lived with a smoker, to those who were nonsmokers living with nonsmokers, lung cancer was a bit more common, but in only six of the thirty cases, the results were significant statistically. That might be the luck of the draw that the control group had a significant difference. According to JakeShow MoreRelatedSmoking Bans: Good or Bad? Essay1806 Words   |  8 PagesSmoking Bans: Good or Bad? I grew up with a mother and father who did not smoke, but when we would go visit my Grandma and Aunt every weekend I would not be able to stand the smell and always felt like I was suffocating. The only thing I really knew about the smoke in their houses was that it smelled horrible, I didn’t understand that it would affect me later on in life. One day during my seventh grade Physical Education (PE) class I started having a hard time breathing, I thought it was becauseRead MoreCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer1612 Words   |  7 Pagesof the causes of lung cancer, it can be said that smoking is also related to lung cancer. As is well known, currently, there are no effective treatment for cancer. Smoking habit is the main cause of lung cancer. The probability of a smoker becoming lung cancer is said to be about ten times more than that of a non-smoker. Also, smoking hurts their own DNA, that is, the risk of lung cancer extends to offspring. There may be people who think smoking cessation when they hear that not only theirself butRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned? Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is an expensive habit. People who smoke cigarettes can spend as much as $2,500 a year on them. Smokers’ claim that it helps relax them and it releases stress but the negative aspects of smoking outweigh the po sitive. 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But do people listen to adds they see, not necessarily whenRead MoreThe Effect on Smoking Cigarette Banned in Public Essays1282 Words   |  6 Pages Cigarette smoking â€Å"There Is Nothing either Good or Bad, Hard or Easy, It’s How We Choose to Think That Makes It So.† ~ William Shakespeare~ Cigarettes are drugs that have a high risk of dangerous drugs that cause the disease to the body of smokers and people who live nearby. Currently, there are many more smokers are aware of the adverse effects of smoking. But the number of smokers is still increasing. Especially worrisome and continue to cause adverse effects in both polite society andRead MoreRecreational Drugs Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMy thesis statement is that recreational drugs are bad and good for you. It is also lot better for a recreational drug to be legal than keeping it illegal. Doing recreational drugs is bad for an individual health and bad for the society’s health has a full population. It leads to lot of other health issues, mentally and physically. Recreational drugs are addictive and would make the individual become addicted. Addicted would lead to lot other problems and sickness. Using recreational drugs throughRead MoreSmoking In Public Places - Is a Public Smoking Ban The Answer?1023 W ords   |  5 PagesIs A Public Smoking Ban The Answer? Imagine... you come into a restaurant and are seated in the smoking area, you chose to sit in this area even though you dont smoke and you know the smoke bothers you. A smoker comes in and sits down at the booth next to you and lights up. What do you do? A) Ask the waitress for another location in the non-smoking area. B) Ask the person who just lit a cigarette to kindly put it out? Or C) Get up and leave the restaurant? For many people, this isRead MoreEssay on Be Smart, Don’t start.912 Words   |  4 Pagesreceived from teachers that informed us of the side affects of smoking. As young boys, neither one of us quite understood what was so bad about smoking. We just knew it was frowned upon, and it was strictly discouraged by our parents. Recently our foundations were shaken when we read an article by Peter Brimelow that presented smoking as beneficial and a preventative tool against certain diseases and cancers. Was our education about smoking just a myth programm ed into our heads? According to BrimelowRead MoreOur Family Lifestyle Report Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesfield of smoking, home and food and safety. Smoking is one of the bad habits that people doing in their lives. This bad habit is very dangerous and could be hard to break. Also, this habit is affects against the health and cause many diseases, such as lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary disease (Brandt, 2014). In my family, the father is smokes. He has approved view about smoking, while the mother has strongly disapproved view about smoking. Both of them know that smoking is harmfulRead MoreThe Unhealthy Lifestyle1214 Words   |  5 Pageseach year. It is estimated that cigarette smoking explains almost 90% of lung cancer risk in men and 70 to 80% in women†. (Walser, et al., 2008).An unhealthy lifestyle is one of the major contributors to almost every disease, illness and health issue that we are facing in this country and the whole world today as well. It becomes worse in the Malaysian society. There are several unhealthy lifestyles among Malaysians: bad eating habits, smoking habits and bad social habits. One of the examples of unhealthy

Total Quality Management

Question: Write an essay onTotal Quality Management. Answer: The term Total Quality Management refers to the process that helps to improve production quality and consumer satisfaction. Moreover, this process also helps to implement continuous improvement of organizational processes (ONeill, Sohal and Teng 2016). In order to satisfy the consumers, it is highly important to focus on the employee motivation at equal degree, because if employees are not motivated, then they will be unable to deliver quality service to the consumers. The purpose of this report is to evaluate how implementation of quality management tool can satisfy both consumers and organizational requirements. In this era of market competition, consumers buying behavior is changing rapidly (Azar, Vashist and Vashishtha 2015). In order to fulfill changing needs and demands of the consumers, organizations are improving product quality. There are several tools, which helps to improve and monitor production quality. In this report, the chosen organization is Toyota, which is a car ma nufacturing company. Organizational Background Toyota is a Japanese car manufacturing company, which has been founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. As of 2014, the total number of employees was 338,875 and according to 2012 financial report, the company is the largest automobile manufacturer of global market. Toyota 86, Toyota Agya, Toyota Allion, Toyota Alphard and Toyota Avalon are some brand of Toyota in UK market. The company merely focuses on the product quality in order to satisfy the consumers needs and requirements. Purpose of Total Quality Management The purpose of implementing total quality management is to improve consumers experience by improving product quality (Singh and Singh 2015). The goal of the organizations is to set realistic goals and objectives for enhancing overall organizational performance. A quality management process helps to monitor organizational performance for identifying the processes, which are not required. In this process, an organization can manufacture high quality product at low price (Rao 2015). On the other hand, total quality management also focuses on the employee involvement. Providing healthy working environment helps the employees to increase their performance quality, which actually reflects on the manufacturing quality. Furthermore, a motivated workforce can perform according to the organizational requirements, which is highly important for achieving broader organizational goal (Zhu and Azar 2015). Following are the principles of total quality management, which influences an organization to adopt total quality management process. Consumer-focused: In this competitive era, every organization is implementing strategies for satisfying the consumers (Madar 2015). In order to improve product quality, an organization may adopt different strategies such as employee training and improving process. However, the strategies adopted by the organization depend in the industry type (Nanda 2016). For example, in case of manufacturing organization, an organization can adopt lean management strategy. On the other hand, a service-based industry can adopt six-sigma approach for adopting consumer-based strategies (Zeng, Tam and Tam 2015). Employee involvement: Employee engagement is one of the most important factors, which helps an organization to perform efficiently (Gonzalez, Quesada, Davis and Mora-Monge 2015). As the business environment is highly competitive in now days, most of the organizations are paying attention to the employee retention strategy. In this manner, it is possible to improve and maintain product or service quality. Implementation of Total Quality Management in Toyota (Just in Time) In Toyota, the company has adopted the Just in Time (JIT) approach for improving product quality as well as organizational profitability. This approach helps an organization to reduce unnecessary organizational processes for reducing costing and apart from that, this process helps to utilize the resources completely before investing in new resources (Grover, Chopra and Mosher 2016). For example, the company only purchases the raw materials when it required. Toyota manufactures cars depending on the market demand of the product. For example, Toyota manufactures a brand after knowing the actual market demand of the product. In order to adopt this approach, it is highly important to have a prompt workforce who could response efficiently as per market demand (Garca, del Ro and Simonetti 2016). Moreover, the company should have a strong supply chain management, which can meet urgent requirement of the company. Therefore, it can be said that there are different risk factors in JIT approach , which can affect performance of the organization. It is highly important to implement effective strategies for reducing negative effects of just in time approach (Spofford Jr, Russell and Kelly 2016). Therefore, Toyota has adopted various strategies for reducing negative impacts of this particular approach. Following are the strategies adopted by Toyota, which helps the company to adopt just in time approach effectively. WIP reduction: The approach of just in time refers to the process of manufacturing the product as per market demand. Therefore, Toyota focuses on reducing manufacturing time for reducing extra organizational wages (Pereira et al. 2015). In this manner, the company faced issues with inventory management system because the stock of the company always remains low. However, this process helps to utilize the resources as per market demand (Mitra 2016). The company focuses on reducing the Work in Progress (WIP) processes for in order to reduce misuse of resources. This process further helps to reduce the cost of manufacturing, which increase organizational profitability remarkably. Raw material reduction: Toyota has adopted an approach for reducing the raw materials in order to reduce the holding cost of the company. In order to work in this approach, the organization has adopted a proactive supply chain system, which helps the company to arrange raw materials as per market requirements (atanov et al. 2015). In this manner, the company can reduce the organizational cost in an effective manner. However, this approach increases the risk factor of low product availability in market. Increased flexibility: Increasing flexibility helps the company to manufacture the product as per requirements. This strategy helps the company to be responsive to the consumers demands (Moradi et al. 2016). For example, if market demand increases, the company increases manufacturing and if the market demand of a particular product go down, then the company reduces manufacturing. In both cases, the company can invest the actual amount required. Rapid response to customer: In order to satisfy needs and requirements of the consumers, Toyota has adopted a strategy to response consumers frequently. In this manner, the company can reduce the manufacturing time, which reduces negative impact of product unavailability in market (Eisenstecken et al. 2015). Toyota starts the manufacturing after getting order from the consumers at a first come first serve basis. In order to ensure that consumers are getting the products within promised time, Toyota makes sure that employees are meeting the deadline appropriately. If the employees are not meeting the expected deadline, then it will affect brand image of the company negatively. Relation of TQM with JIT in Toyota Total Quality management is beneficial for both the company and the consumers. In this approach, an organization can improve their organizational processes, which helps to reduce organizational cost. On the other hand, reducing organizational cost reduce product price and enhance quality as well (ONeill, Sohal and Teng 2016). Therefore, it can b e said that this approach influences employees to perform as per the organizational requirements. Now, Just in Time approach refers to the process of using the resources as per requirements. Therefore, it can be said that TQA has a direct relation with the JIT approach. JIT approach helps an organization to reduce misuse of resources, which reduces product cost (Azar, Vashist and Vashishtha 2015). Apart from that, this process helps an organization to improve the product quality. Overall, adopting this process, an organization can reduce price and increase product quality, which increase satisfaction level of the consumers. Following are the benefits gained by Toyota after implementing JIT approach. West reduction: In JIT approach, Toyota is able to reduce resource wastage. This approach helps the company to conduct a faster turnaround of the resources. For instance, the resources can be used immediately after getting manufacturing order (Singh and Singh 2015). In this manner, Toyota can prevent unnecessary waste of goods and therefore, it reduces the organizational cost. Moreover, implementing JIT helps Toyota to extra investment for storing extra stocks. Reduce investment: In case of Toyota, the company needs to invest huge amount in order to store raw materials without considering the market demands. Therefore, JIT approach helps the company to reduce their holding cost, which actually reduces business investment (Rao 2015). Moreover, this process further helps Toyota to maintain healthy cash flow in an effective manner. In this process, the company order for the stocks as per the market demand. Low requirement of space: In order to implement Total Quality Management, Toyota ensures that raw materials are not becoming damaged. Therefore, the quality of the product will be high, because the company is using fresh parts (Zhu and Azar 2015). Storing materials for long time can affect the overall product quality. Therefore, it can be said that implementing TQM with JIT tool helps an organization to maintain the product quality. Disadvantages of JIT approach and possible measurement taken by Toyota Just in Time approach helps to reduce unnecessary processes of over stocking practice of an organization, which has positive impact on organizational profitability. However, this approach also has different negative impact on business performance. In other word, it influences certain risk factors, which need high monitory (Madar 2015). In case of Toyota, the company has adopted JIT approach and the possible measures for reducing its negative impact. Following are the issues faced by Toyota along with the measures taken by the company for gaining competitive advantages. Running out of Stock: In just in time approach, Toyota can face issues with low resources, which can prevents the organization from manufacturing products as per market demands. This approach influences the company to obtain raw materials on the time of product manufacturing (Nanda 2016). There is no such stock of raw materials, which the company store for future aspect. The company measures the market demand and orders the raw materials as per the assumption. This process is known as lean management process in which an organization can reduce cost and increase profitability (Zeng, Tam and Tam 2015). Now the risk factor involved in this process can be penalizing for the company. It is possible that demand of a particular product increase at middle of financial year. In this particular situation, the company needs to increase resources of raw materials in order to come up with the high market demand. However, the suppliers may fail to deliver the requested raw materials due to high de mand. Moreover, price of the raw materials will be high in such situation (Gonzalez et al. 2015). Therefore, the company has to purchase the raw materials at high price and therefore, the product price will increase, which prevents an organization from gaining competitive advantages. The measure taken by Toyota for handling this kind of situation is very constructive and simple in nature. The company has established a long-term relationship with their suppliers (Grover, Chopra and Mosher 2016). In this manner, the company can obtain the raw materials at low price even at the time of high market demand. Low control over deadline: In just in time approach, an organization needs to man manufacture the product within the promised deadline. Therefore, the workforce of the organization should be efficient and maintain deadline efficiently. In this manner, it will be possible to satisfy needs and requirements of the consumers effectively (Garca, del Ro and Simonetti 2016). On the other hand, if the workforce is not efficient, then it will be impossible for the company to conduct the entire process within the required deadline. It will affect consumers satisfaction level negatively, which will reduce product demand and organizational profitability. In order to reduce negative impact of this particular issue, Toyota has adopted efficient human resource policies and supply chain management policy (Spofford Jr, Russell and Kelly 2016). In case of human resource policy, the company provides efficient training to the employees to empower performance quality. On the other hand, the supply chain process of the company helps to accumulate all the required raw materials easily. In order to empower performance quality of the workforce, the company has implemented different motivational tools. These motivational tools help to improve performance quality of the workforce. Recommendations for Toyota The just in time approach has both positive and negative impact on business development of an organization. Implementing JIT approach without taking certain measures can hamper consumer satisfaction in an effective manner. In Toyota, the company should consider certain aspects in order to take advantages of the just in time approach. Following are the recommendations, which Toyota needs to follow in order to implement JIT approach efficiently. Strong supply chain: As just in time approach prevents Toyota from storing raw materials for future requirements, the company should build string relationship with the suppliers. In this manner, the company would be able to purchase the raw materials at low cost even in high market demand. Additionally, the company would be able to obtain the raw mneterials within the required time. Therefore, Toyota will be able to deliver the product to the consumers within the expected time. Apart from that, a strong supply chain management would help Toyota to purchase high quality raw materials, which will increase overall product quality. In this manner, the company will be able to satisfy the consumers in an effective manner. Efficient workforce: The workforce of an organization is solely responsible for maintaining product quality. Therefore, Toyota needs to provide training to the workforce regarding the newly adopted technological equipments. Therefore, it can be said that the company needs to incorporate innovative technologies, which can reduce manufacturing time. In this manner, Toyota will be able to empower performance quality of the workforce as well. the most important factor is employee motivation, which influences the performance quality of employees in an effective manner. In order to avoid negative impact of JIT approach, the company should consider employee knowledge and efficiently both at same degree. Responsiveness towards consumers: In order to improve the consumers satisfaction level, Toyota should increase responsiveness towards the consumers in order to ensure that needs and requirements of the consumers are fulfilled. The company should increase communication with the consumers for understanding their needs and requirements within very short time. In this manner, the company will be able to come up with the actual product, which consumers need. For example, the company should gather information regarding how the customer would like to purchase the product such as product color and model version. Conclusion After preparing this report, it can be said that Just in Time (JIT) approach helps an organization to improve the total quality management process. The total quality management tool selected in this report is just in time, which helps an organization to reduce waste of resources and holding cost. On the other hand, this approach brings many difficulties for the company, which needs to be avoided with efficient strategies. In Toyota, the company has adopted different measures for avoiding the negative impact of just in time approach. In order to avoid the risk factors, the company has established a strong relationship with the suppliers. It helps Toyota to purchase raw materials at lost cost. Evaluation of just in time process shows that this approach both have negative and positive impact on small and large business organizations. Reference list Azar, A.T., Vashist, R. and Vashishtha, A., 2015. A rough set based total quality management approach in higher education. InComplex System Modelling and Control Through Intelligent Soft Computations(pp. 389-406). Springer International Publishing. Eisenstecken, D., Panarese, A., Robatscher, P., Huck, C.W., Zanella, A. and Oberhuber, M., 2015. A Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Chemometric Approach to Improve Apple Fruit Quality Management: A Case Study on the Cultivars Cripps Pink and Braeburn.Molecules,20(8), pp.13603-13619. Garca, J.., del Ro, M.D.L.C. and Simonetti, B., 2016. IMPLEMENTATION OF A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN RURAL ACCOMMODATIONS: PERCEIVED BENEFITS.International Journal of Business and Society,17(1), p.63. Gonzalez, M.E., Quesada, G., Davis, J. and Mora-Monge, C., 2015. Application of Quality Management Tools in the Evaluation of Websites: Tbe Case of Sports Organizations.The Quality Management Journal,22(1), p.30. Grover, A.K., Chopra, S. and Mosher, G.A., 2016. Food safety modernization act: A quality management approach to identify and prioritize factors affecting adoption of preventive controls among small food facilities.Food Control,66, pp.241-249. Madar, A., 2015. Implementation of total quality management Case study: British Airways.Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V,8(1), p.125. Mitra, A., 2016. Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Moradi, T., Jafari, M., Maleki, M.R., Naghdi, S. and Ghiyasvand, H., 2016. Quality Management Systems Implementation Compared With Organizational Maturity in Hospital.Global journal of health science,8(3), p.174. Mortimer, S.T. and Mortimer, D., 2015.Quality and risk management in the IVF laboratory. Cambridge University Press. Nanda, V., 2016.Quality management system handbook for product development companies. CRC Press. ONeill, P., Sohal, A. and Teng, C.W., 2016. Quality management approaches and their impact on firmsÃâ€" ³ financial performanceAn Australian study.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.381-393 Pereira, P., Westgard, J.O., Encarnao, P., Seghatchian, J. and de Sousa, G., 2015. Quality management in European screening laboratories in blood establishments: A view of current approaches and trends.Transfusion and Apheresis Science,52(2), pp.245-251. Rao, G.N., 2015. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION.Editorial Board,4(4), p.188. atanov, A., Zvadsk, J., SedliaÄ ikov, M., Potkny, M., Zvadsk, Z. and Holkov, M., 2015. How Slovak small and medium manufacturing enterprises maintain quality costs: an empirical study and proposal for a suitable model.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,26(11-12), pp.1146-1160. Singh, P. and Singh, S., 2015. Development of Performance Measures for the Implementation of Total Quality Management in Indian Industry.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering,9(8), pp.1414-1417. Spofford Jr, W.O., Russell, C.S. and Kelly, R.A., 2016.Environmental quality management: an application to the Lower Delaware Valley. Routledge. Zeng, S.X., Tam, C.M. and Tam, V.W., 2015. Integrating safety, environmental and quality risks for project management using a FMEA method.Engineering Economics,66(1). Zhu, Q. and Azar, A.T., 2015.Complex system modelling and control through intelligent soft computations. Germany: Springer.

Reflection On Foundations Of Teaching †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reflection On Foundations Of Teaching. Answer: The references to the annotated bibliography has helped me to learn about the factors regarding communication skill that affects the practice of teaching. The journals helped me in gaining a better insight into the factors that help in growth and development of the students. The factor that affects the growth and development of students the most is the communication skill of the teacher. I am a pre-service teacher myself, thus these annotated bibliographies helped me a lot to understand the importance of effective communication between the teacher and the students. This journal helped me to understand the fact that the effective communication between the teacher and the student is necessary in order to motivate the students to participate in various activities and communicate in the various programmes that are organised. The journal presents a study of a total number 245 students from over four different universities situated in Romania. These students were assigned various activities on communication. The journal presents a study of the recorded and observed responses of both the teachers and the students regarding the communication activities assigned to the concerned students. The journal in discussion provides the readers with an extensive explanation of the significance of the skill of communication in the job of a teacher. The journal deals with the practical as well as the conceptual approaches towards the understanding of the ways in which the communication skills of a teacher may affect the development and the growth of a student. The journal in discussion helped me to understand the methods that must be utilized to tackle the challenges that the students as well as the teachers face. According to the journal, the students must be presented with new inspirations to arouse their curiosity on the subject. The teachers should provide their students with success in the early stages of the activity so as to boost the development of confidence of the student. The students should bear a positive outlook towards the activity that they are assigned. It is considered to be the duty of the teacher to cater to the needs of the students in an individual manner. A teacher is known to be a person who helps the student to gather knowledge and skills. A teacher has to fulfil a number of various responsibilities towards the students. The primary responsibility of the teacher is to impart education to the students. A teacher should help in providing the students with motivation in order to develop their urge and ability to learn. A teacher is expected to take decisions based on the correctness. The decisions taken by the teacher should be well-informed decisions (Zeichner Liston, 2013). The concept of education is based on the theory of exchanging of information (Erozkan, 2013). The power to communicate with the student will help me in my future days as a teacher. One of my main roles as a teacher would be understanding the problems of my students (Danielson, 2013). The only way to establish an understanding between the student and the teacher is to establish an effective communication between them. I have observed several times that there is a hesitation on the part of the student to approach the teacher. This may be the result of the fact that the student lacks enough confidence in the subject or due to the fact that the student is scared of approaching the teacher with the issue of his problems. This occurs mainly due to the communication lack between the teacher and the student (Owens, 2016). A student should never be hesitant to approach the teacher on any issues that he is facing regarding education or any significant phase of his life. The assurance of the fact that the teacher is available for any kind of help that the student might need helps in the formation of a bond between the teacher and the student. This bond helps the teacher to understand the psyche of the students better and thus help him to solve the issues that the student comes up to him with. I have observed in my class that every student is different from the other therefore the methods of reaching out to each student must be different as well. I have observed that it is relatively easier to approach the students who are outgoing in nature rather than those who are shy and introverts by nature. The teacher should therefore adopt different methods to reach out to each student (Danielson, 2012). References Danielson, C. (2012). Observing classroom practice.Educational Leadership,70(3), 32-37. Danielson, C. (2013).The framework for teaching: Evaluation instrument. Princeton, NJ: Danielson Group. Duta, N., Panisoara, G., Panisoara, I.-O. (2015). The effective communication in teaching. Diagnostic study regarding the academic learning motivation to students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 1007-1012. Erozkan, A. (2013). The Effect of Communication Skills and Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills on Social Self-Efficacy.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,13(2), 739-745. Owens Jr, R. E. (2016). Language Development: An Introduction| Edition: 9.Instructor. Zeichner, K. M., Liston, D. P. (2013).Reflective teaching: An introduction. Routledge.