Indian Consumer Behavior

CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN INDIA (NOVEMBER 2004) 1. INTRODUCTION This report analyses consumer lifestyles in India and radiation diagrams decompose of a 52-country series that complements the Euro monitor Consumer Lifestyles Database. Each country profile is structured at a lower place the hobby sub-headings universe of discourse Consumer segmentation Regional development Home will power Ho accustomhold profiles Labour In line up Consumer and family exp blockadeiture Health Education Eating habits drink habits Shopping Personal grooming Fashion Leisure Savings Media communications Transport Tourism The information in this report was ga in that locationd from a wide roll out of sources, starting with the national statistical termncies. This information was cross-checked for consistency, probability and mathematical accuracy. Secondly, we sought to fill in the gaps in the official national statistical offices by using private sector masss and official pan- neighbourhoodal and world(prenominal) sources. Further more than, Euromonitor has carried out an extensive amount of modelling in order to come up with interesting information sets to complement the national standards available.The wide range of sources used in the compilation of this report means that in that location argon occasion exclusivelyy discrepancies in the data which we were not able to reconcile in all instance. Even when the data is produced by the same national statistical office on a specific parameter, like the descend world in a particular year, discrepancies can occur depending on whether it was derived from a survey, a national census or a projection and whether the data argon mid-year or January. For slow trends, data be shewed for 1990, 1995 and 2000-2003.Where it is interesting to relish at projections, the data encompasses 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. Fast-moving trends such as communications ar illustrated with data sets relating to 1 990, 1995, 2000-2005, 2010 and 2015. Consumer goods data cover the period 1998-2003. 2. POPULATION 2. 1 people by days 700 million Indians argon infra the get a longsighted with of 35, making India one of the youngest nations in the world. The commonwealth of youth is almost equally divided between men and women, and in name of issues is more than the population of Latin America and the Caribbean put together.The changing demographics can be attrisolelyed to a slowing in accept rate during the 1990s as well as rising aims of diseases amongst the 30+ ripen group. The hulkygest attr propelion for international players is perhaps the cut underpin twists that provide them turnovers that corpo grade dream of. The 5-9 year- board group was the roundst in 2004 though harvest-home order nominate been dropping over the review period. By the end of the forecast period though, the 15-19 year-age group is expected to be the largest in a digression from the historical trend indicating that the country will age slowly.In absolute terms, 10-14 year olds, 15-19 year olds and 20-24 year olds grew by approximately 25% since 1990. The changing demographics has been due to the gritty levels of birth rate in the run tenner resulting in a population that attained these age levels bureau 2000. The population above 70 geezerhood of age will more than gull doubled over the 1990-2015 period. 97% growth is expected amongst the 80+ group over the 2000-2015 period. Migration to new(prenominal)(a) countries, better wellness make do and a slowdown in birth rate ar expected to contribute to whatever of these trends. The median age of the population is rising, albeit extremely slowly.Death rates ar dropping gradually with improved access to healthc are but it is in any case accompanied by rather advanced levels of birth rate. According to an Oxford University wedge publication by Tim Dyson, Robert Cassen and Leela Visaria by 2015, shifts are expected. The m edian age would maturate to 31 from the current 24, and the proportion of 60+ would establish from 7% to 11%. tabular array 1 macrocosm by Age 1990-2015 000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0-4 yrs 114,799 119,235 120,974 117,342 116,462 116,324 5-9 yrs 102,289 110,845 115,921 118,296 115,260 114,758 10-14 yrs 89,781 100,560 109,302 114,583 117,137 114,226 15-19 yrs 85,268 88,870 99,696 08,541 113,937 116,575 20-24 yrs 77,264 84,180 87,878 98,790 107,722 113,188 25-29 yrs 68,307 76,098 83,001 86,771 97,607 106,430 30-34 yrs 59,422 67,262 74,926 81,753 85,361 95,802 35-39 yrs 49,661 58,435 66,152 73,656 80,244 83,504 40-44 yrs 41,157 48,632 57,281 64,854 72,146 78,395 45-49 yrs 35,384 39,977 47,346 55,842 63,253 70,294 50-54 yrs 31,125 33,892 38,442 45,667 53,980 61,191 55-59 yrs 26,547 29,144 31,917 36,391 43,422 51,469 60-64 yrs 21,023 23,942 26,496 29,242 33,590 40,300 65-69 yrs 15,507 17,879 20,598 23,047 25,711 29,807 70-74 yrs 10,547 12,112 14,196 16,614 18,870 21,331 75-79 yr s 6,274 7,213 8,471 10,146 12,127 4,023 80+ yrs 3,678 4,497 5,951 7,536 9,431 11,708 enumerate 838,033 922,775 1,008,549 1,089,072 1,166,258 1,239,325 Median age of 21. 68 22. 45 23. 28 24. 31 25. 62 27. 05 population (Years) Death rates (per 000 10. 63 9. 49 8. 67 8. 07 7. 66 7. 49 inhabitants) citation UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January hedge 2 Population by Age (% Analysis) 1990-2015 % of total population 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0-4 yrs 13. 70 12. 92 11. 99 10. 77 9. 99 9. 39 5-9 yrs 12. 21 12. 01 11. 49 10. 86 9. 88 9. 26 10-14 yrs 10. 71 10. 90 10. 84 10. 52 10. 04 9. 22 15-19 yrs 10. 17 9. 63 9. 89 9. 97 9. 77 9. 41 20-24 yrs 9. 22 9. 12 8. 71 9. 07 9. 4 9. 13 25-29 yrs 8. 15 8. 25 8. 23 7. 97 8. 37 8. 59 30-34 yrs 7. 09 7. 29 7. 43 7. 51 7. 32 7. 73 35-39 yrs 5. 93 6. 33 6. 56 6. 76 6. 88 6. 74 40-44 yrs 4. 91 5. 27 5. 68 5. 95 6. 19 6. 33 45-49 yrs 4. 22 4. 33 4. 69 5. 13 5. 42 5. 67 50-54 yrs 3. 71 3. 67 3. 81 4. 19 4. 63 4. 94 55-59 yrs 3. 17 3. 16 3. 16 3. 34 3 . 72 4. 15 60-64 yrs 2. 51 2. 59 2. 63 2. 69 2. 88 3. 25 65-69 yrs 1. 85 1. 94 2. 04 2. 12 2. 20 2. 41 70-74 yrs 1. 26 1. 31 1. 41 1. 53 1. 62 1. 72 75-79 yrs 0. 75 0. 78 0. 84 0. 93 1. 04 1. 13 80+ yrs 0. 44 0. 49 0. 59 0. 69 0. 81 0. 94 summarize 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 showtime UN, EuromonitorNote As at 1 January Table 3 Population by Age (Growth) 1990/2015, 2000/2015 % growth 1990/2015 2000/2015 0-4 yrs 1. 33 -3. 84 5-9 yrs 12. 19 -1. 00 10-14 yrs 27. 23 4. 51 15-19 yrs 36. 72 16. 93 20-24 yrs 46. 50 28. 80 25-29 yrs 55. 81 28. 23 30-34 yrs 61. 22 27. 86 35-39 yrs 68. 15 26. 23 40-44 yrs 90. 48 36. 86 45-49 yrs 98. 66 48. 47 50-54 yrs 96. 60 59. 18 55-59 yrs 93. 88 61. 26 60-64 yrs 91. 69 52. 10 65-69 yrs 92. 21 44. 71 70-74 yrs 102. 24 50. 26 75-79 yrs 123. 51 65. 54 80+ yrs 218. 34 96. 76 TOTAL 47. 89 22. 88 Median age of population 24. 76 16. 19 Death rates -29. 52 -13. 55 seed UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January 2. masculine Population by Age Mal es constitute 52% of the population. Half are under the age of 29 and are looking for earning opportunities. Though liberalisation and the refreshful- do NDA ( national Democratic Alliance) establishment headed by ex-prime minister Shri Vajpayee did very much to invest in infrastructure and create jobs, much of this has apparently not percolated down to the low income classes if election results in mid-2004 (when the incumbent political relation was unceremoniously and unexpectedly voted out) are anything to go by. Not surprisingly, the 5-9 year-age group is again the largest segment, representing almost 11% of the total population.In relative terms, this segment has been stagnant since 1990 and has declined marginally since 2000. Due to a larger base, 15-19 year olds will constitute the largest segment by 2015 despite high(prenominal) growth by other groups. In keeping with superior general demographic trends, the population below the age of 20 years grew the level best o ver the review period. Dropping mortality rates and better healthcare has ontogenesisd this population group. The median age of the male population in India is approximately the same as the overall median age of the population. It was 22 in 2000 and stands at a little more than 24 years in 2003.Much of India is a male dominated society, and tied(p) in urban areas, women are shouldering more and more firm running responsibilities. On a lighter note, urban men are more apprised of their looks be it c circulatehing or purge actual physical features. unity would find many highlighting their hair or even exploring a manicure or a facial massage in big underpass cities such as Mumbai or Delhi. The latest corporate crank to the beauty services business under the name of Kaya Skin Clinics caters to two(prenominal) men and women with clinics even in Dubai. This is a Marico India Limited promoted venture.There is an accurate new category of urban men the metero fetch upual male th at is as demanding almost clothes, footwear, music and even grooming aids or beauty treatments as women. In burgeoning malls, men are spending as much or even more as women due to greater financial liberty in relative terms and the freedom to spend money on items of desire or personal use. The youth desire items such as cell phones, PDAs and other electronic gizmos. Footwear is another item high in purchase priority. Whether it is body piercing or permanent tattoos, it is all about making a earthment. Fitness and sports-related equipment also catches their fancy.The coming decade from 2004 to 2013 will depict growth in the 30-55 age bracket by 2%. This will translate into significantly increased demand for items such as travel and leisure, home and household items, lifestyle accessories and even wet drinks. Table 4 Male Population by Age 1990-2015 000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0-4 yrs 59,160 61,431 62,314 60,391 59,897 59,773 5-9 yrs 53,002 57,354 59,926 61,095 59,437 59,10 6 10-14 yrs 46,682 52,240 56,672 59,329 60,571 58,960 15-19 yrs 44,611 46,274 51,849 56,325 59,034 60,314 20-24 yrs 40,457 44,130 45,829 51,433 55,942 58,675 25-29 yrs 35,848 39,901 43,545 45,268 50,814 55,247 0-34 yrs 31,216 35,289 39,246 42,842 44,475 49,798 35-39 yrs 25,991 30,655 34,636 38,494 41,955 43,397 40-44 yrs 21,137 25,386 29,959 33,846 37,579 40,840 45-49 yrs 17,895 20,428 24,595 29,063 32,849 36,427 50-54 yrs 15,631 17,003 19,497 23,552 27,898 31,550 55-59 yrs 13,346 14,462 15,831 18,258 22,165 26,325 60-64 yrs 10,533 11,826 12,925 14,266 16,588 20,254 65-69 yrs 7,660 8,753 9,948 10,992 12,271 14,405 70-74 yrs 5,127 5,833 6,779 7,820 8,771 9,917 75-79 yrs 3,008 3,398 3,956 4,692 5,527 6,303 80+ yrs 1,756 2,094 2,684 3,338 4,129 5,050 TOTAL 433,062 476,458 520,192 561,005 599,902 636,341 Males as % of total 51. 68 51. 63 51. 8 51. 51 51. 44 51. 35 population Source UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January Table 5 Male Population by Age (% Analysis) 1990-2015 % of male popul ation 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0-4 yrs 13. 66 12. 89 11. 98 10. 76 9. 98 9. 39 5-9 yrs 12. 24 12. 04 11. 52 10. 89 9. 91 9. 29 10-14 yrs 10. 78 10. 96 10. 89 10. 58 10. 10 9. 27 15-19 yrs 10. 30 9. 71 9. 97 10. 04 9. 84 9. 48 20-24 yrs 9. 34 9. 26 8. 81 9. 17 9. 33 9. 22 25-29 yrs 8. 28 8. 37 8. 37 8. 07 8. 47 8. 68 30-34 yrs 7. 21 7. 41 7. 54 7. 64 7. 41 7. 83 35-39 yrs 6. 00 6. 43 6. 66 6. 86 6. 99 6. 82 40-44 yrs 4. 88 5. 33 5. 76 6. 03 6. 26 6. 42 45-49 yrs 4. 13 4. 29 4. 73 5. 8 5. 48 5. 72 50-54 yrs 3. 61 3. 57 3. 75 4. 20 4. 65 4. 96 55-59 yrs 3. 08 3. 04 3. 04 3. 25 3. 69 4. 14 60-64 yrs 2. 43 2. 48 2. 48 2. 54 2. 77 3. 18 65-69 yrs 1. 77 1. 84 1. 91 1. 96 2. 05 2. 26 70-74 yrs 1. 18 1. 22 1. 30 1. 39 1. 46 1. 56 75-79 yrs 0. 69 0. 71 0. 76 0. 84 0. 92 0. 99 80+ yrs 0. 41 0. 44 0. 52 0. 60 0. 69 0. 79 TOTAL 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Source UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January Table 6 Male Population by Age (Growth) 1990/2015, 2000/2015 % growth 199 0/2015 2000/2015 0-4 yrs 1. 04 -4. 08 5-9 yrs 11. 52 -1. 37 10-14 yrs 26. 30 4. 04 15-19 yrs 35. 20 16. 33 20-24 yrs 45. 03 28. 03 5-29 yrs 54. 12 26. 87 30-34 yrs 59. 53 26. 89 35-39 yrs 66. 97 25. 29 40-44 yrs 93. 22 36. 32 45-49 yrs 103. 56 48. 11 50-54 yrs 101. 84 61. 82 55-59 yrs 97. 25 66. 28 60-64 yrs 92. 29 56. 70 65-69 yrs 88. 04 44. 81 70-74 yrs 93. 41 46. 28 75-79 yrs 109. 53 59. 33 80+ yrs 187. 55 88. 16 TOTAL 46. 94 22. 33 Source UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January 2. 3 Female Population by Age 58% of the Indian womanly population is below the age of 29. Of this 45% are over the age of 15 years. Female population proportion is apparent to go up in the next decade following stringent official norms for sex determination and abortion of the womanish foetus.The current sex ratio stands at 933 females per 1,000 males as per the last census. Considering the decline in sex ratio from the previous census in 1991, female infanticide is motionless rampant not solely in cert ain backward pastoral areas but also in a new form using mod engine room in urban areas. Women in urban India fork up come a long centering since the expectations their mothers or credibly grandmothers had to live up to. In the mid-sixties and 1970s, it was a rarity to happen working women. It went without saying that female members of the household handled household running responsibilities.Few would be seen dressed in anything but a sari, the national dress. Smoking and imbibition were strict no-nos. Even passing to the beauty parlour was considered highly emancipated Cooking was al counsels at home and done by women. Sacrificing personal losss and compromise were desirable attributes. The scenario dramatically changed in the 1990s with Indias entry onto the world beauty scene. Suddenly, either woman wanted to look good or do something that made a difference to her or to someone else. The salwar-kameez is almost a familiar dress code.Originally, a North Indian attire, i t caught the imagination of women from every region for its convenience and comfort. Young women are much surer of what they want and how to get it. domestic duties such as cooking are minimised or taken care of in other ways. They would much rather work or do something that they would much rather be doing. westerly-style dressing consisting of pants and a raiment is much more common even in workplaces. Social drinking is largely acceptable though still not desirable. On the other hand smoking is still a no-no notwithstanding the rise in snatch of working women who smoke in public.More and more women directly have access to some means of income be it scurvy or large amounts and even take investment decisions or play a significant role in the decision making. Today, one can see a mix of all kinds of women ranging from the traditional conservative to the ultra modern sophisticate. Even the traditional conservative is surprisingly quite progressive in emotional matters pertaining to culture or even careers. While women are at once increasely comfortable with their bodies and do not mind even flaunting it, they still would prefer striking a balance between home and work.With more and more women earning their own money, they are now almost equally positioned as bread earners in families. Most men find it difficult to share with this situation since money and the way it must be spent (larger sums that probably go beyond household expenses) is still considered a male domain. nevertheless there is an increasing segment that is now taking investment decisions as well. The stock market boom in 2003 attracted large numbers of housewives who got into the act of trading shares, earning just that little bit extra irrespective of their socioeconomic status or upbringingal background. The attitude towards motherhood is changing.It is now more a matter of choice than chance. Young urban educated women are taking parenting much more seriously. Previously, the first b oor was born at an average age of 25, today in some parts it is 32 years. Women-on-vacation is another phenomenon slowly becoming visible at railway platforms, airdrome lounges and even gravelled roads. wholeness, married, disseverd or bereaved and aged anywhere from 16-70 years, women are on the move. As the population ages and more working women constitute the Indian population, there will be a demand for items of personal use and anti-ageing products and services.The number of women smoking or drinking is also on the rise. forward considered taboo, rising pressures professionally and personally have only contributed to this changing paradigm. Table 7 Female Population by Age 1990-2015 000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0-4 yrs 55,639 57,805 58,660 56,951 56,565 56,552 5-9 yrs 49,287 53,491 55,994 57,201 55,823 55,652 10-14 yrs 43,098 48,320 52,630 55,254 56,565 55,266 15-19 yrs 40,657 42,596 47,848 52,217 54,903 56,261 20-24 yrs 36,806 40,050 42,049 47,357 51,781 54,513 25-29 yrs 32,460 36,197 39,456 41,504 46,793 51,183 30-34 yrs 28,206 31,972 35,680 38,912 0,886 46,004 35-39 yrs 23,671 27,780 31,516 35,163 38,289 40,106 40-44 yrs 20,020 23,247 27,322 31,008 34,567 37,555 45-49 yrs 17,489 19,549 22,752 26,779 30,404 33,867 50-54 yrs 15,493 16,890 18,945 22,115 26,082 29,640 55-59 yrs 13,200 14,683 16,086 18,133 21,257 25,144 60-64 yrs 10,490 12,116 13,571 14,976 17,001 20,046 65-69 yrs 7,847 9,126 10,651 12,054 13,439 15,402 70-74 yrs 5,420 6,278 7,417 8,794 10,099 11,414 75-79 yrs 3,266 3,815 4,515 5,453 6,600 7,720 80+ yrs 1,922 2,403 3,267 4,198 5,302 6,658 TOTAL 404,970 446,317 488,357 528,067 566,356 602,984 Females as % of total 48. 32 48. 37 48. 42 8. 49 48. 56 48. 65 population Source UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January Table 8 Female Population by Age (% Analysis) 1990-2015 % of female population 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0-4 yrs 13. 74 12. 95 12. 01 10. 78 9. 99 9. 38 5-9 yrs 12. 17 11. 99 11. 47 10. 83 9. 86 9. 23 10-14 yrs 10. 64 10. 83 10. 78 10. 46 9. 99 9. 17 15-19 yrs 10. 04 9. 54 9. 80 9. 89 9. 69 9. 33 20-24 yrs 9. 09 8. 97 8. 61 8. 97 9. 14 9. 04 25-29 yrs 8. 02 8. 11 8. 08 7. 86 8. 26 8. 49 30-34 yrs 6. 96 7. 16 7. 31 7. 37 7. 22 7. 63 35-39 yrs 5. 85 6. 22 6. 45 6. 66 6. 76 6. 65 40-44 yrs 4. 94 5. 21 5. 59 5. 87 6. 10 6. 23 5-49 yrs 4. 32 4. 38 4. 66 5. 07 5. 37 5. 62 50-54 yrs 3. 83 3. 78 3. 88 4. 19 4. 61 4. 92 55-59 yrs 3. 26 3. 29 3. 29 3. 43 3. 75 4. 17 60-64 yrs 2. 59 2. 71 2. 78 2. 84 3. 00 3. 32 65-69 yrs 1. 94 2. 04 2. 18 2. 28 2. 37 2. 55 70-74 yrs 1. 34 1. 41 1. 52 1. 67 1. 78 1. 89 75-79 yrs 0. 81 0. 85 0. 92 1. 03 1. 17 1. 28 80+ yrs 0. 47 0. 54 0. 67 0. 80 0. 94 1. 10 TOTAL 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Source UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January Table 9 Female Population by Age (Growth) 1990/2015, 2000/2015 % growth 1990/2015 2000/2015 0-4 yrs 1. 64 -3. 59 5-9 yrs 12. 91 -0. 61 10-14 yrs 8. 23 5. 01 15-19 yrs 38. 38 17. 58 20-24 yrs 48. 11 29. 64 25-29 yrs 57. 68 29. 72 3 0-34 yrs 63. 10 28. 94 35-39 yrs 69. 43 27. 26 40-44 yrs 87. 59 37. 45 45-49 yrs 93. 65 48. 86 50-54 yrs 91. 31 56. 45 55-59 yrs 90. 48 56. 32 60-64 yrs 91. 10 47. 72 65-69 yrs 96. 28 44. 61 70-74 yrs 110. 60 53. 89 75-79 yrs 136. 38 70. 98 80+ yrs 246. 49 103. 82 TOTAL 48. 90 23. 47 Source UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January 2. 4 prolificacy and Birth Fertility rates in India fell to 2. 9 in 2003. The decline can be attributed to the rise in mean age at spousals and the deferral of the child-bearing decision.The average age of Indian women at child birth rose to 28 years in 2003. In some urban areas and metro cities it could well be early 30s. As women seek higher learningal and professional achievements, urban families are postponing having children. In many cases, one of the reasons cited is that they would like to know their spouses better before giving rise to a neighborly responsibility. Amongst celebrities such as personalities from the film industry as well as fashion, adoption is being increasingly accepted. These are usually highly successful, financially independent women who cannot or do not find the need for a spouse to raise children.Men still take a back seat where adoption is concerned. A complete change in the way earning opportunities present themselves in an increasingly open economy and the transient character of jobs, values and money have made Indians seek personal cartel and stability before committing themselves further. Birth control has viewd total government support irrespective of the political party in power. However, a large number of women may not be able to afford birth control even if they wish to do so. Large numbers of couples want to space or limit births but they are not using any method of contraception.According to official sources, a nationwide survey it undertook showed that approximately 16% of couples or about 30 million couples have an unmet need for contraception. High fertility is one important component p art change the reproductive health of women. One out of every 75 women of reproductive age dies from child birth-related causes. new(prenominal) reproductive health indicators also radiate a by and large poor health status. Only 15% of mothers receive complete antenatal care, and only 58% receive any compress/folate tablets or syrup. Only 34% of deliveries take place in facilities, and, at best, 42% are assisted by a health professional.Though there are official government norms for promoting two children families, there are many holding public positions that have troika or four or even more children. It is therefore difficult for lawmakers who themselves go against government policies to implement them with complete resolution. There is a wide difference in the population growth rates amongst various states. Southern states have achieved a greater measure of success in almost fortify their birth rate growth due to a higher level of education and literacy in general. On the other hand, Northern states such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar represent a dismal picture.There is an unmet need for family planning in these states and about 25% of it is in Uttar Pradesh (UP) state. Is it a boy or a girl? The legacy of a declining sex ratio in the archives of the Census of India took a new turn with the widespread use of new reproductive technologies (NRTs) in urban areas. NRTs are based on the principles of selection of the desirable and rejection of the unwanted. In India, the desirable is the cosset boy and the unwanted is the baby girl. The result is obvious the Census of 2001 revealed that with a sex ratio of 933 women for every 1,000 men, India had a deficit of 3. million women when it entered the new millennium. To stop the abuse of pass on scientific techniques for selective elimination of female foetuses through sex -determination, the government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act in 1994. But techno-docs based in th e metropolises and other urban centres, and parents desirous of be acquire only sons, have subverted it. Outreach to the most vulnerable elements of the population is very limited, and the quality of services, in general, is poor. Additional constraints exist in the saving of services.For family planning, the choice of methods is often limited and sterilisation remains the method of choice. Other approaches, including delaying the age of marriage and first pregnancies, and encouraging longer birth intervals, present major(ip) social and policy challenges. Religious and medical barriers exist in some areas, as do cultural issues associated with the preference for boys and denial of opportunities for girls and women. However, two the private and the public sector are taking substantial initiatives in the area of healthcare and there have been some improvements.Fertility rates fell by 23% over the 1990-2003 period though there was a slight increase in 2002. Some studies have shown th at the increase was due to natural calamities in 2001 and 2002 accompanied by civil disturbances when citizens were in the main confined to their homes and had limited entertainment options. The fertility rate fell the following year by nearly 4% in 2003 over 2002 in keeping with the trend over the last decade. Table 10 Fertility and Birth 1990/1995, 2000-2003 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 ordinary age of women at 20. 40 24. 20 26. 70 27. 20 27. 80 28. 33 hildbirth (years) Birth rates (per 000 30. 07 27. 45 24. 90 24. 37 23. 78 23. 40 inhabitants) Fertility rates 3. 80 3. 48 3. 06 2. 99 3. 02 2. 91 (children born per female) Source National statistical offices, Council of Europe, UN, CIA demesne Factbook, Euromonitor Table 11 Fertility and Birth (Growth) 1990/2003, 2002/2003 % growth 1990/2003 2002/2003 number age of women at childbirth 38. 87 1. 91 Birth rates -22. 18 -1. 60 Fertility rates -23. 42 -3. 64 Source National statistical offices, Council of Europe, UN, CIA World Fac tbook, Euromonitor 2. 5 Population by marital officeThere are only two dominant types of population by marital status in India married or single. matrimonial matrimonial couples form more than half the population in India. sum is a sacred institution accompanied and governed by numerous social and spectral customs and sanctions. Elders in the family normally arrange marriages in most of India and even with changing social fabric, parental acceptance and blessings are important. The result is a blend of the old and the new where brides/bridegrooms-to-be actually meet or see each other before the marriage and are allowed to exercise their choices.Marriage and child rearing is an accepted way of life and youngsters between the ages of 18 and 30 do look forward to settling down and getting married. An unmarried individual would stand out in the predominantly shopping center-class Indian society. However, acceptance of this is also increasing. There are a number of young adults, usually successful in their own lives, who choose not to get married or are unable to get married. Cracks and strains have started showing in a number of marriages due to postponement of the marriage decision, new income earning opportunities, changing lifestyles, new technologies and a sea change in attitudes and spirations in urban India. Hence, married families in 2003 grew at a drawn-out rate than divorced or single families at only 1. 4%. Divorce Divorce is a little uncommon but is ontogenesis in incidence with young couples not willing to compromise or spend time on making a relationship successful. Interestingly, it is couples who knew each other before marriage that are seeing a rise in divorce rather than arranged family affairs that are part of Indian convention. There are instances of certain communities that are using technology (SMSs Short Messaging System) to divorce their spouses by sending the message divorce thriceThe number of divorce cases filed in some cities reaches as high as 17,000 cases in Kolkata city with Pune having the least at 2,000. Some 9,000 cases are filed each year in Mumbai city alone. Widowers Widowers form a small 5% of Indian society that predominantly consists of youth. Rising longevity, increasing age at marriage and even social reform with respect to child widows, child marriages and widow remarriage have contained the growth of this category of the population. There are not too many widows/widowers in urban areas and even these generally stay with their families as in their sons or daughters.In certain rural areas, with lack of healthcare and awareness of a number of health conditions, widowers could form a slightly larger population segment. Co-habitation Co-habitation is still not viewed with much respect in a society steeped in tradition. In the Western state of Gujarat there is actually a quasi-legal arrangement called Maitri Karar that stipulates the responsibilities of a require friendship. However, there ar e a growing number of homosexuals both men and women, who have come out of the closet and are determination some acceptance.There are at least five lesbian groups in the country which are striving to provide dignity to this division of the populace. There is a large number who is probably not even aware of their preferences and go through much turmoil in the process. Yet, tolerance is at an all-time high. 27% of the population in Bangalore Chennai 28% Delhi 22%t Hyderabad 20% Kolkata 32% Mumbai 24% feel that both partners should be free to have extramarital sex with the spouses consent. Delhiites are most likely to have done it at a younger age than their counterparts in other cities.Hyderabadis and Mumbaikars show the maximum inclination to infidelity. Adultery is sack middle-class, to small-town India, going commonplace, even going boring. Dangerous liaisons used to be for the aristos and the plebs. Those in between, the middle classes, were tethered by moral chastity belts o nly their fantasies could roam freely. Or it was all within the family, the extramarital dalliances, that is. The scarlet letter is now fade fast stigma is getting passe and guilt for an increasing number is no more than a twitch. New technology is an important factor encouraging the phenomenon.Internet and mushrooming cyber cafes have helped, as have mobile phones and SMS facilities. middle-class India is having a great time and most Westerners are shocked at the change. Table 12 Population by Marital Status 1990/1995, 2000-2003 000 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 Married 471,829 494,405 516,978 524,708 532,254 539,637 Divorced 3,093 5,010 8,059 8,214 8,365 8,510 Widowed 52,532 56,663 53,373 54,144 54,895 55,629 Single & other/unknown 310,578 366,696 430,138 438,100 445,958 453,729 TOTAL 838,033 922,775 1,008,549 1,025,166 1,041,471 1,057,505 Average age of women at 19. 00 22. 90 25. 50 25. 90 26. 50 26. 97 first marriage (years)Source National statistical offices, Council of Europ e, UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January Table 13 Population by Marital Status (% Analysis) 1990/1995, 2000-2003 % of total population 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 Married 56. 30 53. 58 51. 26 51. 18 51. 11 51. 03 Divorced 0. 37 0. 54 0. 80 0. 80 0. 80 0. 80 Widowed 6. 27 6. 14 5. 29 5. 28 5. 27 5. 26 Single & other/unknown 37. 06 39. 74 42. 65 42. 73 42. 82 42. 91 TOTAL 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Source National statistical offices, Council of Europe, UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January Table 14 Population by Marital Status (Growth) 1990/2003, 2000/2003 growth 1990/2003 2000/2003 Married 14. 37 4. 38 Divorced 175. 1 5. 59 Widowed 5. 9 4. 23 Single & other/unknown 46. 09 5. 48 TOTAL 26. 19 4. 85 Average age of women at first marriage 41. 93 5. 75 Source National statistical offices, Council of Europe, UN, Euromonitor Note As at 1 January 2. 6 Population by Educational Attainment Indians place a lot of importance on higher education as is evident from the number of graduates as well as the number of Indians doing extremely well in other parts of the world. Despite huge odds, the literacy rate now stands at more than 65% for the country as a whole.In terms of numbers, most of the population has some form of ab lineal education. Kerala is the only state that has 100% literacy. Public expenditure on education now stands at 4% of GDP, well below the Kothari Commission recommendation of 6% way back in 1968. The private sector is now taking increasing initiatives in primary level education after having participated in a mixed fashion in the form of self-financed colleges and institutions of higher learning. This is one of the factors for higher growth in the level of education attainment at higher levels as compared to primary education.There are about 888,000 educational institutions in the country with an enrolment of about 179 million. Elementary Education System in India is the second largest in the World with 149 million children of 6-14 y ears enrolled and almost three million teachers. This is about 82% of the children in the age group. Compulsory education has been enforced in four States and Union Territories (UTs) at the primary stage of education while in eight States/UTs there is compulsory education covering the entire elementary stage of education. As many as 20 States/UTs have not introduced any measure of compulsion.Though education is in the concurrent list (ie both the Central and State governments are responsible for this social sector) of the Constitution, the State Governments play a very major role in the development of education particularly in the primary and the secondary education sectors. In order to facilitate donations including smaller amounts from India and afield for implementing projects/programmes connected with the education sector, the Government constituted the Bharat Shiksha Kosh as a companionship registered under the Society Registration Act, 1860.The Kosh was officially launched o n 9 January 2003 during the solemnisation of Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas. The Kosh will receive donations/contributions/endowments, from individuals and corporate, Central and State Governments, non-resident Indians and people of Indian origin for various activities across all sectors of education. Table 15 Population by Educational Attainment 1990/1995, 2000-2003 000 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 Primary & no education 372,583 378,124 391,590 400,014 408,770 417,596 Secondary 79,103 121,874 163,622 167,434 171,221 175,064 higher(prenominal) 79,478 92,137 107,140 109,858 112,464 115,123 TOTAL 531,164 592,134 662,352

Othello Act 3 Scene 4 Essay

This dejected scene focuses on Desdemona she has become an innocent victim of Iago and Othello. From the moment he enters, Othello takes on the role of a persecutor. His first words in suck up 30 O Hardness to dissemble non only comments on what he thinks is Desdemonas false seeming but also reveals how herculean it is to control his feelings when he is in Desdemonas presence. He proceeds to unwrap Desdemonas hand as angry and moist in retrace 32. This is an allusion to a stamp in the time, that when someones hand was hot and moist they were of a lustful nature. At this point Desdemona is perplexed by Othello and makes the grave mistake of trying to change the path of their conversation by pressing Othello about Cassio. Othello responds to the mention of Cassio by setting a hollow for Desdemona, stating in define 46 I require a common salt and sorry rheum offends me/lend me thy handkerchief.Upon Desdemonas failure to have him the strawberry printed handkerchief, Othello goes into a rage, telling Desdemona of the significance of the handkerchief and that she should not have lost it. The handkerchief is an extremely important symbol in the play. This handkerchief that an Egyptian charmer to my mother give represents Othellos mysterious and alien heritage. More importantly in this scene, Othello reveals that the handkerchief symbolises his love for Desdemona and Desdemonas chastity. His belief that she has given it outdoor(a) means the break in their love, the giving away of her body. The dramatic irony is that although the handkerchief is lost, Desdemona still loves Othello. The theme of appearance vs. humanity is clear in the scene, for although Desdemona appears to be covering up for her sins when in verity she is completely pure and blameless.Othellos claim that theres trick in the web of the handkerchief (line 65), reintroduces the theme of magic. This can be contrasted to title 1, when Othello claimed ignorance and disregard for magic whe n Brabantio accused him of witchcraft. In this scene he takes the mated position although the handkerchief does not embody magic, it has a magic, a attach on Othello. He believes fervently that the loss of the handkerchief represents Desdemonas betrayal and seems to be enchanted by the token. Later he is seen repeating the line The handkerchief three times in an uncontrolled fury.The innocent Desdemona is dreadful of its loss cries out Then would to God that I had never seen it in line 73. Frightened by his rash words, Desdemona lies about the handkerchief and states It is not lost, but what and if it were? in line 79. This is tragically consequential and makes the audience interrogate that if she had told the truth there may have been hope in forefend this tragedy. Othello leaves at the end of the scene enraged, exclaiming Zounds

Measuring Customer Satisfaction at ImageStream Essay

ImageStream Internet Solutions, Inc. is a privately held comp both in its 9th category of operation. ImageStream engineers, manufactures, and distributes Linux-based routing products for network and Internet applications. ImageStream products ar handlingd by Internet dish out pass onrs (ISPs), governments, schools, and businesses in much than 75 countries around the world. As ImageStream moves toward its next decade, securities industry forces dominate it, like al almost high technology companies, to be flying and responsive. The company faces constant change in demands and needs along with the pressures of boot creep in the face of limited resources. It is against this backdrop that ImageStream started its ISO 90002000 certification unconscious process. This process requires non solo the implementation of shade processes, but whole stepment of their competency as well.ImageStream conducts signalise manager meetings twice monthly, and a company-wide review on a semi -annual basis. During these managerial and company reviews, the senior executives expose observe poetic rhythm driving the success of the companys mission, including those metrics that would benefit most from signifi faecal mattert improvement. This proposal outlines the consumption of a client satisfactiveness play along and seeks to answer the management question What is the latest node satisfaction with the train and type of node overhaul provided by ImageStream? The knowledge entrust search the conceptual framework of aid type, the affirmative and damaging impacts of cyberspace feel on ImageStream, and the effect of accessible and reproachful client intentions on perceived fibre using survey look into. Armed with the statistical analyses outlined below, the operations management team lead identify current trends in guest satisfaction in a proactive attempt to resolve to any issues.Background and belles-lettres ReviewThe look at and increment of cl ient assistance techniques and customer computer storage management programs has blossomed into its own industry. This increasing focus on customer satisfaction is not surprising, given the positive correlation betwixt happy customers and successful companies illust browsed in countless merchandising research studies. This con testament outline the relationship betwixt customer satisfaction with avail and customer retention at ImageStream. To support the findings, we go out conduct an falsifiable study focusing on the relationship surrounded by perceived military serve quality and customer intentions.Weinstein and Johnson (1999) recommend that companies like ImageStream should spend 75% of its merchandising budget on customer retention strategies and to strengthen these relationships. Once customers break to a product platform, and the longer they use and deploy that platform, the more profit ImageStream potty realize. Longstanding, satisfied customers will general ly continue, or often increase, purchasing, require less operational and customer work support, and be more unbidden to pay expense premiums to remain with the companyall without incurring brisk customer acquisition be (Pine, Peppers, and Rogers, 1995). This reputation will analyze how ImageStreams utility relationship with its customers produces customer behaviors indicating whether or not a customer will remain an ImageStream customer. The methodology used will follow Zeithaml, cull and Parasuramans study on this topic (1996).Since replacing lost customers requires saucily customer acquisition costs, customer retention should be a perfect runance measure for ImageStreams executive staff and a key component of the companys incentive programs (Zeithaml et al., 1996). According to the American commission Association, acquiring a in the altogether customer can require tailfin times the investment needed to keep an existing customer (Weinstein et al., 1999).Literature Re view customer swear out, not surprisingly, has been researched extensively from the conceptual framework of function quality, to the positive and negative impacts of inspection and repair quality, to the effect of favorable and unfavorablecustomer intentions on perceived quality. We review these concepts in recent literature, and investigate an a posteriori study focusing on the relationship surrounded by service quality and customer behavioral intentions (Zeithaml et al., 1996).Zeithaml, pick and Parasuraman (1996) offer a conceptual feign of service quality. The researchers postulate that the quality of customer service will regulate whether a company retains its customers or loses them to defection. Zeithaml, pluck and Parasuraman (1996) highlight seven key points1.Customer defection has a negative relationship with an fundamental laws profitability.2.Retaining current customers costs less than acquiring newfound ones.3.Customer retention should be a fundamental compon ent of incentive programs.4.Companies moldiness advertise not yet to attract new customers, but to replace lost customers.5.Advertising, promotion, and sales costs are required expenses when attracting new customers.6.In general, at the beginning of a customer/vendor relationship, the customers do not generate a profit for the company. Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman estimate that acquisition cost recovery can take as long as intravenous feeding years.7.Positive customer assessments of service quality head for the hills to positive behavioral intentions, strengthening the relationship between the customer and the company. electronegative assessments, on the other hand, create unfavorable customer behavioral intentions. The unfavorable conditions weaken the customer/vendor relationship.Based on their research and observations, Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman(1996) look at that expressed or observed behavioral intentions can render whether or not customers will remain with an formation.Reinartz and Kumar (2000) challenge Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuramans assertions that customer retention always leads well-managed companies to profitability. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) argue that long-term customers are not always the most profitable customers, and dismiss research assuming that dedication equates with profitability as a gross oversimplification. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) contend that managers should not mechanically assume increased lifetime spending, decreased costs of service, and decreased cost sensitivity for long-term retained customers. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) go further in too disputing the idea that long-term retained customers require lesser marketing investment by companies.Their research concluded that long-term customers often commit electrostatic purchasing periods unrelated to their retention by an organization (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). During these dormant periods, these customers are at beat a break-even proposition for organizati ons, and often consume marketing and service resources resulting in net losses during periods of inactivity. Reinartz and Kumar (2000) found that short-term customers may be as significant to customers as longtime clients.Other research indicates that organizations struggling with a single approach to satisfy all customers can end up with inefficient and inappropriate levels of service (Cohen, Cull, leeward and Willen, 2000). Cohen, Cull, Lee and Willen (2000) conclude that organizations must customize their service to meet apiece customers individual needs.Superior service generates favorable behavioral intentions in customers, including increased future spending, acceptance of price premiums, word of mouth referrals, and, ultimately, customer retention (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Research suggests that most employees have a true customer orientation in that they understand their customers needs, and possess empathy and respect for their customers (Bitner, Booms and Mohr, 1994). Qua lity service builds customer faith in the organization, and is essential for maintaining competitive advantage (Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithaml,1994). Since quality customer service can generate positive behavioral intentions, quality service strategies are effectively profit strategies for organizations.Research illustrates this link between service and profitability, as Keaveney (1995) found that customer defections can cost an organization future tax stream. As customers intentions toward a company improve, the results include new customers, increased business with existing customers, fewer lost customers, and added pricing strength (Berry et al., 1994). Berry and Parasuraman (1997) stress the creation of customer feedback channels as a component of quality service. Listening and responding to the customers needs in a quality way has a direct effect on the quality of service provided (Berry and Parasuraman, 1997). This focus on customer feedback drove the single-valued functio n of this series of papers.Evidence, such(prenominal) as Keaveneys study, highlighting the role customer loyalty plays in making an organization more profitable forms it unconditional that companies readily and proactively address concerns, complaints and other unfavorable behavioral intentions among their customers (Tax, embrown and Chandrashekar, 1998). Tax, Brown and Chandrashekars point also applies in a comparative instinct as well. Organizations can potentially provide satisfactory service that however lags other competitors service offerings. In these cases, customers may defect because of the attraction of relatively superior service offerings from a competitor. Managers of service departments and service companies must get it on this comparative measure, and realize that some customers will defect even when they are satisfied with a former provider (Keaveney, 1995).Customers display favorable intentions such as praising the company, expressing a preference for the c ompany to the company or to other consumers, continuing and/or increasing purchasing volumes, paying price premiums, and making recommendations to others based on their satisfaction with the company (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Satisfied customers plosive loyal to an organization longer, pay less attention to competitive products, exhibit less price sensitivity, offer service improvement or magnification ideas to the organization and cost less to service over time than new customers (Weinstein et al., 1999).When dissatisfied, customers display unfavorable intentions such as expressing an eagerness to leave the organization, change magnitude purchase patterns, voicing complaints to the vendor, complaining to others, or taking legal action against the organization (Zeithaml et al., 1996). When customers do leave an organization, numerous choose to do so quietly with the intention of getting even by making negative comments to others about the organization (Tax and Brown, 1998).Since d efecting customers can impact current and future revenue streams, properly identifying dissatisfied customers and understanding why customers defect can be valuable tools in improving customer retention management programs. Companies must implement strategies to overcome potential customer defections. Retention efforts should begin as soon as organizations acquire new customers. The organization should proactively attempt to demand and address customer needs and resolve any complaints or concerns quickly (Weinstein et al., 1999).Weinstein et al. (1999) suggest several ways to build loyalty and increase favorable behavioral intentions in customers. They suggest that organizations could embed sales staff at the offices of their best customers, participate in their customers events or promotional efforts, interview their customers customers, conduct retreats with major customers to share best practices and to train customers on company products and services, develop a preferred custom er pricing strategy, reward customers for referring new business, solicit feedback on product development roadmaps, and even partner with key accounts on industry research projects (Weinstein et al., 1999).SERVQUALAmong the most popular assessments tools of service quality is SERVQUAL, an instrument headinged by Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml (1994). with numerous qualitative studies, they evolved a set of five dimensions ranked systematically by customers as central to service quality, regardless of theservice industry. Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml (1994) defined these dimensions as*Tangibles the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials*Reliability an ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately*Responsiveness a willingness to help customers and provide prompt service*Assurance the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to cause trust and confidence and*Empathy the caring, individualized atte ntion the firm provides its customers.Based on the five SERVQUAL dimensions, the researchers also developed a survey instrument to measure the gap between customers expectation for excellence and their perception of actual service delivered. The SERVQUAL instrument helps service providers understand both customer expectations and perceptions of specific services, as well as quality improvements over time (Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml, 1988). Analysis of customer responses to a SERVQUAL questionnaire presents numerous potential practical implications for companies and their customer service teams. stoveWe will conduct a study of all ImageStream customers (the population) by e-mailing or mailing a questionnaire to companies listed in ImageStreams internal records. The study will take less than one month to complete. We will mop up all customers and direct them to the on-line survey, and follow up with customers who have not responded after two weeks. We will end the study after f our weeks, and expect 25%-30% participation. We base this estimate on the response rate of similar studies mentioned above. A responserate of at least 10% will yield a significant sample, enabling us to make conclusive findings and recommendations.MethodologyWe identify three determinants of customer satisfaction with ImageStream service quality, solution quality, and price (through a measure of perceived value). Data on customer satisfaction, service quality, solution quality and price will be collected through the attached questionnaire survey. The questionnaire adapts the SERVQUAL instrument developed by Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithaml (1998) and uses a faction of Likert-scaled, divided and unstructured questions.The use of both bipolar Likert/dichotomous and unstructured questions allows us to benefit from the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research. The use of quantitative questions allows us to obtain a high degree of dependability and validity using the sci entific method, and enables others to more easily repeat or replicate our study. The qualitative questions provide background for customer responses, and help to identify any underlying issues highlighted by the quantitative research. Triangulation, in this case the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, allows us to overcome the weakness of using but one research technique.We do not assume that there is only one reality and believe that contrary research methods will learn different perspectives. Using quantitative and qualitative triangulation allows us to use different sets of data, different types of analyses, different researchers, and/or different theoretical perspectives to study customer service.The quantitative question results will provide data that we can accede to complex statistical analyses. We will combine the quantitative question responses to go through central tendencies and dispersion of the data, including measures of mean, standard error, medi an, mode, standard deviation, variance, kurtosis, skewness, and range. We will analyze theresults of each question and of the study as a whole.Based on the results of the compend above, we will develop regressions to identify potential relationships between past service experiences, perceived quality, future purchasing behavior, and loyalty. A possible research design for the regression analysis follows.H1 There is a positive correlation between the level of superior customer service and positive future customer behavior.H2 There is a negative or no correlation between the level of superior customer service and positive future customer behavior.H3 There is a positive correlation between the level of subordinate customer service and negative future customer behavior.H4 There is a negative or no correlation between the level of indifferent customer service and negative future customer behavior.Using these results, we can make conclusions about the management problem defined above. Development of these findings will include the use of anecdotal evidence from the qualitative questions in the survey. We will use the responses to the qualitative questions to support the quantitative findings, and to highlight key issues not covered by the quantitative portions of the survey.Possible FindingsFollowing Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman (1996), we believe that a positive relationship exists between quality service and positive customer behavior as defined above. Additionally, we believe that our research will show that favorable customer behavioral intentions will be higher(prenominal) among customers experiencing no service problems. Customers who have experience problems, but received service to resolve them will show the next highest level. Customers with unresolved service problems will show the least favorablebehavioral intentions.ConclusionCustomer service and its effect on customer retention in an organization is a growing area of research, and one that is vita l to maintaining quality at ImageStream. This paper examined customer retention and defection from an organization in the context of customer service quality, exploring four areas1.A conceptual framework of how service quality affects grouchy customer behaviors and the consequences for ImageStream, establishing the purpose for this study,2.Empirical studies that focused on the relationship between service quality and customer behavioral intentions,3.A triangulated quantitative and qualitative survey to study perceived service levels among ImageStream customers,4.Follow-on research based on the survey results and statistical analysis, including a summary of expected findingsCustomer retention branches off into many other significant areas such as value-added services, supply chain relationships, use of information systems to service customers better, and very importantly perceived and expected performance.Organizations have a chance to learn from their customers. The more customers teach the company the more effective it becomes at providing exactly what they want and the more difficult it is for competitors to hook shot them away from the organization (Pine II et al., 1995). Learning about customers is what this whole retention topic is about. The customers tell the organization what to do to keep them. The strategy is for the organization to learn how to listen and respond.ReferencesAnton, J. (1996). Customer Relationship management Making rugged Decisions with Soft Numbers. New York Prentice Hall.Berry, L., Parasuraman, A. and Zeithaml, V. (1988). A inventionual Model of proceeds Quality and its Implications for Future Research. The Academy of Management Executive, 8, 32-52.Berry, L. and Parasuraman, A. (1997). Listening to the Customer The Concept of a avail-Quality learning System. Sloan Management Review, 38, 65-76.Berry, L., Parasuraman, A. and Zeithaml, V. (1994). Improving Service Quality in America Lessons Learned. The Academy of Management Ex ecutive, 8, 32-52.Bitner, M., Booms, B. and Mohr, L. (1994). Critical Service Encounters The Employees Viewpoint. ledger of Marketing, 58, 95-106.Chase, R. and Stewart, D. (1994). Make Your Service Failsafe. Sloan Management Review, 35, 35-44.Cohen, M., Cull, C., Lee, H. and Willen, D. (2000). Saturns Supply-ChainCooper, D. and Schindler, P. (2002). communication channel Research Methods (6th ed.). burr Ridge, IL Irwin/McGraw-Hill.Cronin Jr., Joseph J. and Taylor, S. (1992). Measuring Service Quality A Reexamination and Extension. ledger of Marketing, 56, 55-68.Heskett, J., Jones, T., Loveman, G., Sasser, W., and Schlesinger, L. (1994, March-April). Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work. Harvard Business Review, 164-174.Innovation High Value After-Sales. Sloan Management Review, 41, 93.Joppe, M. (n.d.). The Research Process. Retrieved January 12, 2004 from http//www.ryerson.ca/mjoppe/rp.htmKeaveney, S. (1995). Customer Switching Behavior in Service Industries An preliminary S tudy. Journal of Marketing, 59, 71-82.Pine II, J., Peppers, D. and Rogers, M. (1995). Do You Want to Keep Your Customers Forever? Harvard Business Review, 73, 103-114.Pitt, L., Watson, R., Kavan, C. (1997). Measuring Information Systems Service Quality Concerns for a complete canvas. MIS Quarterly, 21, 209-221.Reinartz, Werner J. and Kumar, V. (2000). On the Profitability of Long-Life Customers in a Noncontractual Setting An Empirical investigating and Implications for Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 64, 17.Tax, S. and Brown, S. (1998). Recovering and learning from service failures. Sloan Management Review, 40, 75-88.Tax, S., Brown, S.and Chandrashekar, M. (1998). Customer evaluations of service complaint experiences implications for relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 62, 60-76.Van Dyke, T., Kappelman, L., and Prybutok, V. (1997, June). Measuring Information Systems Service Quality Concerns on the use of the SERVQUAL questionnaire. MIS Quarterly, 21, 195-208.Weinstein, Art and Johnson, W. (1999). Designing and Delivering Superior Customer Value Concepts, Cases, and Applications. Boca Raton CRC Press.Whyte, G., Bytheway, A., and Edwards, C. (1997). Understanding User Perceptions of Information Systems Success. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 6, 35-68.Zeithaml, V., Berry, L. and Parasuraman, A. (1996). The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 60, 31-46.

American Colonies and Separation from England Essay

When settlers from England came to America, they portrayed a Utopia, where they would claim a say in what the government derriere and cannot do. Before they could live in such a society they would hit to invade many small steps to break the hold England had on them. The settlers of America had to end a monarchy and start their own, unique, form of government. They also had to mystify a way that they would have or so kind of decision reservation world power. The most important change that the colonies in America had to moderate was to experience a society quite different from that in England.By 1763 although some colonies still maintained established church buildinges, other colonies had accomplished a realistic revolution for religious toleration and withdrawal of church and state. During the mid-1600s England was a Christian dominated nation the colonies, however, were mainly prudes. When Sir Edmond Andros took over a Puritan church in Boston for Anglican worship, the Pu ritans believed this was done to break their power and authority. The Puritan church in New England was almost entirely dislocated from the state, except that they taxed the residents for the churchs support. The churches in New England had no lay power, unlike the church of England. Many seaport towns like Marble take and Gloucester, became more religious as time pasted. This show of religious granting immunity was a way in which the colonies had religious toleration and differed from the Christian church in England.Unlike the well-defined social signifieres of England, the colonies had a streamline class structure, which gave individuals the chance to rise on the social latter. New settlers living on the coast could become rich by seek and selling what they caught. If fishing was not a settlers strong point, then they could humble their hand at farming. Getting the land to farm on was the lightheaded part. The head right system gave each male 50 acres, and 50 acres to each indentured servant he might have over. England could not do this because England so defined the social classes and they did not have enough land that they could give to every male and his indentured servant.In a similar economic revolution, the colonies out grew their mercantile relationship with England and unquestionable their own expanding capitalistsystem. The predilection of a set amount of wealth in the world and that if one were to become wealthy, he or she had to take from someone who is already wealthy, is basically what mercantilism means. The colonies did not believe this idea in America. They believed that no matter who you were, if you had a good idea for reservation money you could do so, and without having to take it from someone else. This capitalistic spirit make many men very prosperous, unlike England who tried to force colonial ships to stop at England before they deliver their cargo. This would take money from the colonists and entrust it in the pockets o f England. However, it did not work because the colonies figured out ways to make the raw materials on their ships into useable goods at the colonies themselves instead of at England.The colonies broadened the vox populi of liberty and self-government far beyond what England had ever envisioned. Through the eld certain anomalies occurred, as colonial governments furthered themselves from the government of England. The governors of the colonies got power and certain prerogatives that the business leader had lost the assembly of a colony got powers, particularly with respect to appointments, which sevens had yet to gain. England was too preoccupied by the struggle between fantan and Stuart Kings, to perfect effective imperial control over the colonies in America.The separation from England by the colonies in America took many years, but ultimately gave the colonists a real sense of freedom. Through small steps like, capitalism, self-government, and a liquified class structure, th e colonies slowly, but surely, gained their independence from England. These changes in religion, economics, politics, and social structure flesh out this Americanization of the transplanted Europeans.

Latin american woman from 1825

From 1810 to 1825 women were engaged effectively in different wars of liberty against the Spanish. The more or less recognized women were the Latin the Statesn women who were deeply involved in the struggles for independence especially in the struggle for womens rights in the broadest sense of sparing, policy-making and legal. The women were as well as credited for the coarse role they played in redemocratization and economic reconstruction.IMPACT OF SPANISH CONQUEST ON INCA AND AZTEC WOMENMany Spaniards moved into America because of the reports of gold. Many people were pressed into ritual slavery in assay of gold. Consequently the local overlords grew rich and the natives remained poor. The continued success of the local overlords direct to Spanish conquest in America. Aztec rulers were ruling around 25 billion people who were living in large cities administered by elaborate represent of military leaders non-Christian priests and government officials.There were besides v illage elders who were linked through marriage arrangement between their families and other families. Chief loud utterer system was a body of elected representative elders, and it developed into strong emperor moth figure and was having great antecedents. The Aztec system was theoretically meant the empire enjoyed closer ties of immortal and the priest was to select sacrifices required to keep sun shinning and to catch up with rains falling. The priest was excessively required to maintain order in the society and during the beat the sacrifices were being made. (Tompkins, 2001)The Incas were however weakened in regime from factional fighting and diseases sluice be bowknot the sparkles armored. Emperor Pizzarros forces were captured the empire leading to the destruction of the Incas and thence the way was open to Spanish enconmediams to take over the Inca and Aztec empires which were found in the gulf of Mexico. The Spaniards persecuted the people in the two empires and their cities were un thrust and were to be replaced by Spaniard cities. These people faced horrible time in the Spaniards hands because they were massacred measuredly or accidentally by transmitting to them European diseases. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was conquered destroyed and the Spaniards build their own capital Mexico City (just on the site of destroyed Aztec capital).The Aztec and Inca empires were located in the present Gulf of Mexico and by the time they were conquered they were scarce a century old. Both empires were extending over large areas and were having millions of people. The conquest of Aztecs by Spaniards was due to the epidemics that had affected them while the Incas were conquered through the impact of deliberate transmission of European diseases though they were also weakened by internal conflicts. (DAltroy, 2002)Aztec companionship is an ethnic group found in central Mexico particularly those who speak Nahuati language. They achieved a policy-making an d military dominance in the parts of Mesoamerica. succession the Inca Empire was on the other hand the largest empire in the pre- capital of South Carolina America. (Michael, 1984)Before the invasion and occupation of Mexican Gulf by the Spaniards the Aztec and Inca women were considered to be lesser members of the society. The Inca women were given the specific task of making the local brew while the Aztec women were empowered in textiles making. However with compoundism the roles of women changed women were seen to be in the fore fronts to fight against the inhumaniterian activities that were being done by the Spaniards.During colonization the women were having very great levels of uncertainties because this was the time when sexual harassment on women was on the range of rising. They were also used as maids in the houses of the ruling elites. These mistreatments generated the uprising of women to fight for colonial liberation which they needed more than the men.Colonialism als o saw the abolition of natal ways of life for example the use of the indigenous trees and plants to cure more or less diseases and some agricultural seeds which they treasured were abolished. In their role as the primal protectors of the family the Aztec and Inca women saw this as a threat to their royalties they had valued for long time. They also fought for land rights globalization and clear cut cultural identity with no job description for males and females in the society. (Michael, 1984)ROLE OF INDIGENOUS TUPI WOMENThe Tupi women were generally draw as indigenous women rooted to domestic domains and so they were not suitable to fulfill institutionalized political and economic roles. However this was not easygoing to achieve because in the indigenous Tupi there were distinct sexual urge regimes and gender symbolism were associated with masculinity, this lead to increased war in Tupi society. These women worked hard to see advanced complementary spaces opening up to them and most of them even fought for colonial liberation from Europe. They also demonstrated strong desires and complain to survive the objurgation and brutality they also ensured that they adjusted to resist the myriad colonial changes. condescension the numerous attempts by the colonial governments the Tupi women were able to negotiate for social and political rights for the society. (Miller, 1991)Traditionally Tupi women were restricted to aesthetics alone for instance, they were required to decorate the housed, and they also painted their men to look delightful all over their bodies equivalent birds or waves of the sea. The women also painted their own legs so that someone visual perception them from a distance may think they are dressed in the black worsted stockings.Council of male elders ruled the Tupi tribes to mean that women had no leadership positions in this tribe. The elders met almost daily and were only addressed by the chief(prenominal) on how to rule the society. T he Tupi also believed in the real supernatural power but they were not having formal organized form of religion. They believed in hard drink and deonoms making their tribes life to be a form of myth, legend eldritch and ceremonial web. The women were entitled to domestic chores and they also participated in agricultural activities with no voice in administration. They were greatly discriminated upon by the men and were not allowed to make any vital decisions but to listen to and follow orders from their men. (Monteiro, 2000)However later on colonialism the roles these women changed greatly with leadership style taking different dimensions. The women participated actively in the fight for colonial liberation giving their cultural and indigenous practices new meaning and approach. The women formed different movements to fight for equal representation in the ruling class as well as liberalized roles for both genders.They treasured an end to the work specification according to gende r that had been there in olden days and was also magnified by the Spaniards during colonialism. This is because during the fight for colonial liberation the Tupi women realized their potentials to rule and do other duties better than the men. Their roles last changed but they maintained one provision of domestic needs and serve mostly decoration of their bodies and houses using traditional approaches.BibliographyDAltroy, T. (2002), the Incas peoples of America. Blackwell publishers.Michael, D. (1984). Mexico From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (ancient people and places)Miller, F. (1991), American women and the search for social justice. Hanover university press.Monteiro, J. (2000), the heathen castes of sixteenth century. Duke university press.Tompkins C, Foster D W, (2001), far-famed Twentieth Century Latin American women, Amazon,Green wood press.

Azande

We atomic number 18 strong Catholic viewrs, and we know in that location is ore to this world than just what our eyes can withhold. Much like the Agenda, I believe that there be stack who make water gifts given to them at birth as well. The Agenda people know that once they atomic number 18 born, they are given the gift of witchcraft. fitting like some people In my culture agree the ability to catch out, talk, and hear those who are no longer living. We both believe In the aspects and lurks astir(predicate) finis. 2. Think about the ways in which members of your society are compelled to be reserve in soci all in ally acceptable ways.How do these differ from matchless some other? The way I see this is that in our society we are all mixed and in various areas. We are all forced to learn about respect, and cooperation towards one another. In our society men and women can play the same roles, experience same work ethic, and children. We are such a diverse arena others m ight see this as a dishonor or Just straight up unusual. There could even be those who see our life style as a freedom. The Agenda people cue me as of being old-fashioned. Just for the fact that the men, play the large-minded role in the family.They are the leaders basically the big gentleman on amps nevertheless for the family. Now the women stand by their men and bind care of their children. In their community they all stick to impersonateher and wed within them. They arent so diverse like us they even have websites so they could stay connected and together. In our society we do whatsoever we want basically, we really do not have much to embrace tho government policies. Agenda people have rules and standards they must be obeyed. We dont care and they respect their living situations. 3. Do you employ logic that Is identical or different when explain negative thoughts?I am the image of person who always thinks negatively, even when the outcome turns out to be a positive on e, but I do believe that some Incidents are Just accidents. Thoughts are always luring in everyones mind, even when nothing faulty Negative all could have stepped wrong or you couldnt have been gainful attention. Necessarily, Just because that occurred doesnt mean it was planned or plotted against you. The Agenda believe that the simplest injury is never Just a coincidence or an accident, either its witchcraft or someone is against you.I can understand their viewpoint, but sometimes bad luck Just guides in life. Like say for those who are accident prone for instant, they are Just people who cant help but get injured in their own majestic ways. It is not that they have enemies they are just not the most careful people in the world. I do think negative a lot, but in my standing point sometimes nature Just takes its course and things happen without our control. Im probably the most negative person out there, but I do consider the saying accidents happen. . Is there several differen t System of logic that may be invoked, depending upon the circumstances? If you are depending on the situation, then yes there are different logics. Accidents do happen, but from another moral they arent always a random act of kindness. This is a beastly world, and no one is going to hold your hand. You will always have somebody who dislikes, envies you, or Just wants you gone. Then this could possibly happen, some universe in this world will go beyond the circumstance to get there way.Agenda believe in attacking their enemy with the powers and magic f witchcraft. When someone gets injured or has a medical issue wed all like to think it was not intentional, right? That isnt always the case now. When death takes place in our society, it is usually attempt of murder, actual murder, or suicide. acquiring hurt now or hurting others isnt always an act of kindness, because the Agenda people do have a point when they are feeling victimized by one another. Everyone has different methods of reaction when it comes to their enemies, but they are not always a wise choice.

Christopher Columbus; Hero or Villain Essay

In 1492, Christopher capital of Ohio, discovered the States. More than 500 old age tardilyr capital of Ohio Day is a study holiday. Statues atomic subprogram 18 up, even in Pueblo, and convey atomic number 18 given for what he has done for us. We learn to the highest degree him in grade train and we are told of his brave adventures. nevertheless twenty years later in my first history class a nonher look is organism painted of capital of Ohio not from my History book, but from my teacher. I thought it was inte relievoing to be learning these conflicting views of him and researched the facts. Apparently a lot of concourse feel the same wayChristopher capital of Ohio was a villain. Nearly 500 years ago Christopher Columbus carved a parvenue path for Spaniards, which opened up a world of bratwurst and death for the natives of this set ashore, the States.We now know that Christopher Columbus did not discover America this is indisputable. What is disputable is what he truly did when he came over to America. To specify a better understanding of what was going on with Columbus in late 1400s I will give near back story. During those times, commercial ventures were being offered and Columbus had previous experience being on ships so he saw the opportunity to exploit his beliefs. Christopher believed that the world was round and if he sailight-emitting diode due east he could make it to the Indies. What he did not know was how long it would opt him to get thither. He was alone with his first son, Diego, and set out to get funding for his voyages.He went to queen Isabella and King Fernando and asked if they would fund him. They said they would requisite to look into it further. Priests and scholars studied and researched his creative thinker for six years while Columbus and his son numbered them to wherever they may travel. Columbus was finally told no his idea was foolish and the earth was too big to sail that way. He go on with his beliefs and tr ied to change their genius. He presented his idea two more times to no avail. As Carol Gallagher describesin her Biography of Columbus he became a joke at court. (Gallagher)At last, later on the deuce-ace attempt and being rejected, Columbus rode away on his mule. Only to be caught up with by a messenger of sprite Isabella, he was told that they had changed their head word and would accept the proposal. They granted him three ships with 90 men. Finally Christopher could right his light upon and prove that he was not a joke. With years of being mocked, and laughed at Columbus had a lot to live up to. Christopher was now trace righteous in his quest and asked that he be named Admiral of the maritime Sea and a tenth of all riches found to be his. The Queen and King agreed.The voyage had taken thirty-three days to rile land on America. Which Christopher believed it to be the Indies. Christopher writes in his journals his first impression of the natives he writes that they are n aked and raw with shapely bodies. The Admiral said that they would be good servants and could learn their language quickly. Columbus named every makeup of land they came upon and put up big flags. He claimed it all for Spain never wit the thousands of people already living there, it was now Spains. They took six of the natives captive to bring home to the Queen. Christopher had seen slightly men wearing opulent rings on their legs and arms and took them to show him where the rest of the gilded was.However the natives could not show them directly and Columbus believed they were lying. Columbus wrote to the King and Queen and told them There are many spices and great mines of gold and of other metals.(Gallagher), this was in fact a lie. Columbus did not find mines of gold, he did happen a gold belt and felt the Natives where lying to him about the rest of the gold. He decided to return home and get more supplies and men. When he returned to Spain the King and Queen where please d and wanted more of the riches of the land.I think that the rest of Columbus endeavors to the advanced World are furnish by greed and an ignorant notion that God gave him this right. When he returned to America, which he thought was the Indies, he returned with 1,200 men and seventeen ships. Gallagher writes in her Biography He was given authority to rule. The ships carried soldiers to conquer the Indians, priests to convert them to Christianity, farmers, guard dogs, and farmanimals(Gallagher), he meaning Columbus. So he now intends to go back to America and take what he wants. However he could not find gold mines or riches. He built a fort in a mosquito infested area and cokes of his men got sick and died from Malaria. The Natives met them with great resistance and also died by the hundreds from small pox and cruel captors. In 1502, which is ten years after Columbuss first discovery of America, Spain adopted and made official a policy that Columbus had created, encomienda.What this dodge meant was an Indian village, all people of 14 years or older could be safe for a period of 3 months with a token. At the end of the 3 months they had to constitute with enough gold to satisfy the tribute. If they did not pay them, the natives would get their detention cut off or worse be murdered. The Wikipedia describes this as follows Encomienda was a legal system that was employed mainly by the Spanish clear during the Spanish colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor and shore leave. (Wikipedia) The encomienda system was horrible. It was created by Columbus, in order to get gold. However the system was kept by other conquistadors all over America in the early 1500s. This is a quote from Van Serima They are not, as close to of us would like to believe, voyages of discovery. But they are of great significance since they changed the genius of the whole world, both the old world and the new-fangled. (Serima 75) What Serima is saying is that Col umbus did not discover a New World but a new way of getting what you want when you defecate more power.There is a big issue of race and differences being ignored by the conquistadors and Spain. So much life and tradition tossed away for selfish purpose, and was done in the name of God. The Encomienda system was not the worst of it they sold girls as young as 9 to 10 for sex slaves. Here is a piece he wrote in his journal on the subject A hundred castellanoes are as easily obtained for a woman as for a farm, and it is very general and there are plenty of dealers who go about looking for girls those from nine to ten are now in exact.(Kasum) Columbus had set out to discover the Indies, which was fueled by his turn in for Marco Polo and his stories of adventures. Instead he discovered an old world and made it his take in while killing off everything in his wake. Whether or not Columbus was holding a smoking gun, he definitely had un-locked the gate for others to follow in his self f ulfilling prophecy.Armitage, D states that Columbus himself was not always asked to compact thecan for the ill-effects of the encounter between the Old World and the New, but there have always been those who have used reflections upon 1492 for their own ends.(Armitage) this is true quotidian in America, and even more so now. Even in our school system, if you are one sixteenth Native American you get some special grant. This is kind of Bizarre to me, Native Americans have not been enslaved for at least a century and have every right we do in America, if not more. This proves that when Columbus and the Conquistadors came things where so bad for the Natives they still subscribe to special treatment. Whether or not Columbus is to blame for the way things are for Natives today I do not know, however I do know that the way things where in the early 1500s Columbus could be blamed for. It was a new world for Columbus and he tempered his discovery with such disdain, that other pursual to ok his lead. Great leaders are people like Edwin Hubble or Martin Luther King.People who have ideas that make us a greater nation, not people who find a new land and kill everyone in it in order to impress the Queen and King. An article I read that was written by two non-ethusastic followers of Columbus believe that Columbus day should not be a day we celebrate at all That infamous day should sure as shooting not be celebrated by anyone, especially by local, state, and national governments. Let us not fall into the trap of letting the discussions roughly this travesty of a holiday revolve around the specific number of people killed.(Tinker) When I reflect back on everything I have learned in history and even Christopher Columbus, it points to war or some major oppression for every turning point. In my opinion Christopher Columbus was a man of his times who often got things wrong his morals went cutting in the face of the King and the Queen but he led the way for his people into a new world. In his own mind he died a failure, and is later dying a failure in the hearts of America.Works CitedArmitage, D. Christopher Columbus And The Uses Of History. History Today 42.5 (1992) 50. Academic search Premier. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. Gallagher, Carole. Christopher Columbus And The Discovery Of The New World. Christopher Columbus & The Discovery Of The New World (2000) 6-13. History Reference Center. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. Kasum Eric http//www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-kasum/columbus-day-a-bad-idea_b_742708.html October 10, 2010 Tinker, Tink, and Mark Freeland. Thief, hard worker Trader, Murderer Christopher Columbus And Caribbean Population Decline. Wicazo Sa Review 1 (2008) 25. JSTOR Arts & Sciences VII. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. Van Sertima, Ivan1. Amendments To Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Act Hearing Before The Subcommittee On Census And Population Of The Committee On Post Office And courtly Service, House Of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Sessi on On H.R. 2309,.. daybook Of Pan African Studies 5.8 (2012) 74-84. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 24 Sept. 2013. Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda, 19 September 2013 at 2123.

Security Risk Management

Abstract In this story, its have stress on importance of exploiter in participate on information earnest danger worry and its influence in the context of regulatory conformisms via a multi-method study at the organizational level. Along with associated outcomes, the types of activities and protection controls in which exploiters exponentiation as part of Sarbanes Oxley compliance also see to it here. Besides that, research lay also been develop in this paper on the purpose of the quantitative study and extant user company theories in the system development books.While the IS guarantor literature often portrays users as the weak link in security, the current study suggests that users may be an important resource to IS security by providing fateed business familiarity that contributes to more effective security measures. User society is also a means to engage users in protecting sensitive information in their business surgeryes. 1. 1 Introduction This name is bri efing about the problems that involve with information security example external threats likes hackers, viruses and people. there have deuce case why user participate in IS security risk management very valuable. Firstly, user awargonness of the risks to IS security is widely believed to be first harmonic effective IS security (Aytes and Connolly 2004 Furnell 2008 Goodhue and Straub 1991 Hu et al 2006 Siponen 2000a,2000b Straub and Welke 1998 Whitman 2004) and consequence is security control need to be aligned with business objectives to be effective (Alberts and Dorofee 2003 Halliday et al 1996 ITGI 2005 McAdams 2004 Suh and Han 2003).In this article concept of user fraternity have been characterized by extant theories and conceptualisation in IS security contexts. The studys multi method research concept is outlined and followed by a qualitative preliminary study that examined user intricacy in IS security risk management for regulatory compliance. A conjectural model b e informed by extant user friendship theories and the qualitative study is then tested in a confirmatory quantitative study. 1. 2 Content In this article, security risk management was discussing with the user participation with it.Security risk management is a free burning process of identifying and prioritizing IS security risk and implementing and monitoring controls. User participation is evaluate to add value to SRM, which in twirl contributes to effective controls that ultimately better security. SRM have a combination with data that have been collected and compendium method that used on separate samples to examine user participation. There has two method in examines user participation such as qualitative methods and quantitative methods.Qualitative methods provides a rich understanding of the activities, behaviours and assignments that define user participation in the context of SRM for regulatory and allowed a process model to be constructed by applying the three user pa rticipation. Quantitative methods test the theoretical model derived from the qualitative study and based on the researchers understanding (Lee 1991). cartel this two methods provides a rich context and testability to the study (Tsohou et al. 2008).In this paper, Sarbanas Oxley Act has be chosen for the study context as to mean locate an enough sized sample of companies employing user participation in SRM. Sox has two ground why them encourages business participation in SRM. First, ICOFR focuses on business process that impact financial information on publicly reported statements and second technical controls ge ared toward protecting the network perimeter from external threats are insufficient to manage internal threats and vulnerabilities embedded within business processes.An exploratory study was conducted to better understand the specific activities, behaviours and assignments that constitute user participation in SRM and to investigate their outcomes. To conduct the explorat ory study, informants with SOX experience were first determine and selected. Nine semi-structured interview were conducted with eleven informants from five companies in three countries, two interviews included two informants. A contextual narrative of user participation lays a anchoration for a subsequent examination of the effects of participation studied through the lens of three extant user participation theories.This three theories are The Buy-In Theory, The System Quality Theory and The Emergent interaction Theory. User participation in SRM was free-base to promote organizational sense of security risks and controls within targeted business processes, and facilitated greater alignment of SRM with business objectives, values, and needs. As a result, development and performance of security controls improved. Thus, user participation was found to add value to an organizations SRM. User participations effect was strongest in aligning SRM with the business context.In turn, use rs became more attentive as business-alignment increased. This finding suggests that users are likely to be more attentive when IS security is something to which they washbowl relate. That is, when SRM becomes part of business processes, and users are assigned hands-on SRM tasks, security becomes more visible and relevant to users. Consequently, user participation may be a mechanism for managing user perceptions on the importance of security. Accountability was found to contribute most to user participation in SRM.One explanation for this finding is that the study context was regulatory compliance for a law that requisite annual external audits. This finding suggests that regulation may provide an probability for security managers to engage business users in security risks and controls when regulatory compliance has a business process orientation. Secondly, regardless of regulation, study findings suggest that efforts at accountability for SRM may be more effective if there are r outine audits with documented results and follow-up for control deficiencies. 1. 3 ConclusionAlthough the IS security literature has often cited users as the weak link in IS security collect to user errors and negligence, the present study provides evidence that supports an opposing view. User participation raises organizational awareness of security risks and controls within business processes, which in turn contributes to more effective security control development and performance. Security managers can harness regulatory compliance as an opportunity to engage users, raise organizational awareness of security, and better align security measures with business objectives. . 4 References Alberts, C. , and Dorofee, A. 2003. Managing Information Security Risks The Octave Approach, Upper Saddle River, NJ Addison- Wesley. Aytes, K. , and Connolly, T. 2004. data processor Security and Risky Computing Practices A Rational Choice Perspective, diary of organizational and End User Computi ng (163), pp. 22-40. Lee, A. S. 1991. Integrating Positivist and interpretative Approaches to Organizational Research, Organization Science (24), pp. 342-365. Hu, Q. Hart, P. , and Cooke, D. 2006. The Role of External Influences on Organizational Information Security Practices An Institutional Perspective, in Proceedings of the 39th howdy International Conference on System Sciences, Los Alamitos, CA IEEE computer auberge Press. Tsohou, A. , Kokolakis, S. , Karyda, M. , and Kiountouzis, E. 2008. Process-Variance Models in Information Security Awareness Research, Information Management & Computer Security (163), pp. 271-287.

Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity Essay

At a subsiding workplace, a early female employee is assisting with closing up her component part of a store. Going into the product line room alone, a fellow male worker corners her into a caged section of the area. Here, the male assistant makes unwanted physical and internal advances towards the unexampled and fright female worker. What can any person do who is subjected under these grand workplace conditions that clearly violate their personal rights? As early as 1965, The comprise Employment Opportunity fit out (or EEOC) has ensured the protection, promise and safety of those persons loose to discrepancy in disre put upable workplaces (U.S. adapted employment Opportunity Commission, 2000).This presentation allow for include a description of a causal agency against an organization season giving a brief summary of the EEOCs important functions. hike on, this report will include the role of the EEOC in relation to the lawsuit along with determining if the courting promotes social change and justification. Finally, a resemblance will be included between the EEOC and press related accounts describing the incidents of the case while implementing strategies to ensure future compliance with the issue in a multicultural workplace.EEOC courteous Action Case No. 311-cv-00920 In Franklin Tennessee, a civil issue was required because a 38-year old everyday omnibus of a kibosh bloodline apparel store was outrageously, sexually harassing, three immature female employees whose ages ranged from 16-17 (U.S. Equal employment Opportunity Commission, 2000). The Finish Line is a family oriented Indianapolis based sports store that sells flamboyant shoes and athletic apparel. Subsequently, in Nashville Tennessee the United States jury and officials make up the Franklin store general manager guilty for statutory rape and sexually harassing the three, young female assistants who worked under his supervision.On the second of January 2013, the EEOC release d a depicted object press statement that awarded the three teenaged workers 30, 000 dollars compensation which included keystone pay for the endangerment of the criminal acts that were move against them in the workplace. The crime acted upon the young women was unfortunate, and no one should ever have to work under these conditions of sexual delight and harassment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was highly committed to ensuring reparations to their clients and victims of workplace oppression.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and its Commitment Like the tommyrot from above, everyday people are exposed to workplace discriminations and oppressions. The commitment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is to ensure persons are not creation discriminated or categorized under Title legislation VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (U.S. Equal employment Opportunity Commission, 2000).The Commissions responsibility is to justify and put into action provisions of legislation VII against criminal occupation practices. The EEOC is as well as in control of managing Federal legislations that make it illegal to discriminate against those because of disability, gender, race, pretext or ethnic background (U.S. Equal employment Opportunity Commission, 2000). Overall, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission sets an example reprimanding those who illegally act on workplace discrimination and harassment.The Role of the EEOC in the Nashville Tennessee Finish Line Harassment Case The role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was to reinforce Title VII in the case of the three young women filling against the charges placed on the Finish Line store manager in Franklin Tennessee. The lawsuit case indicted Finish Line with endangering three teenaged female workers to unlawful sexual harassment. The EEOC implements federal laws that prohibit employment discrimination and categorization placed on defenseless employees.A statement documented from Kenneth Anderson, EEOC lead trial attorney exclaimed that, It is unfortunate that any woman has to jam with sexual harassment in the workplace, especially teenagers. Equally reprehensible is the item that the harassment was at the hands of their much older male supervisor. We call up these three young women for the tremendous courage they displayed in confronting egregious sexual harassment by their supervisor (U.S. Equal employment Opportunity Commission, 2000). gouge Related Comparisons between the EEOC and other News Accounts Due to the unspeakable acts placed on the three teenaged girls in Franklin Tennessee, discrepancy is requested which protects and provides weensy information about the entirety of the Nashville Tennessee Finish Line case. some news accounts support the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions case that involves the dickens parties present at the U.S. District Court Jury. With both news reports, there are no names provided which preserves the saf ety of all individuals involved.

What annoys me about the British Weather

British Weather, three words unpredictable, torturous and unbearable. We control any experienced the excruciatingly painful rain drops plummeting full promote onto our hoods or umbrellas, havent we? Well we live in England of course. As you prep be to leave home, you take one quick stare break of the window, and you see the blazing red hot sun shining, you bed actually feel the warm radiation hitting your skin and the polish thing on your mind is to remember to take an umbrella or a jacket with you just in case.As you casually crack across the street to the bus stop you have an unexpected reckon with one of your footy mad friends who just dialogue ab aside football. After he bores you to death and then finally leaves things get one nonch worse, out of nowhere, completely unexpected you feel this cold spit on your face, a couple of(prenominal) seconds later you endure a torrential torrent of rain blasting onto your body within ten seconds you are drenched in water, unluc kily this has happened to most of us. This diabolical problem needs a solution and the survive forecast is not it.The arrogant brave out who miserably dictates us the live condition is entirely useless and unreliable. As a BBC clone he talks in that Standard English tone, as you listen you understand that all the information he is presenting to you is all gibberish. The next day you find out that the weather somehow turns out to be the complete opposite of what the weather forecast predicted yesterday. So there you have it, the met office should just fleet up on forecasting the weather because they are completely hopeless. another(prenominal) point is not the sudden change of weather but the despicably messed up seasons.You neer know what you are overtaking to get with British weather it constantly is on the move, there is cold weather in the summer and its warm in the winter, this year alone the hoodwink is overdue its been expected and hasnt arrived YET. From the bottom of my receivet I would like to tell all of you people who want to visit England that it is not a holiday destination, at all especially in ground of weather. What you go out get is not a relaxing, sunny holiday, but chiefly an endless pour of rain which blasts on to you like a shank of water, if you want to experience true English weather then discussion your tickets in winter as it might be very warm.Britain never inevitably fails to disappoint or leave you feeling in pronounce despair, whether it is in sport in their terrible world cup melt or in this case when you want beautiful weather for a special day and it ends up disappointing you. It is eer important to always be brisk with a brolly or a cover in time if you end up looking like an utter ingest in a winter coat like youre going hiking in the arctic in the hottest day of the year. Cold weather comes inwrought to the UK and from past experience I get use to this sort of clime as if it was second nature.One of the worst moments is when you have to a elapse a depressing Monday of your holidays locked inside at home, bored and in a dull displeasing atmosphere starring obliviously out of the window at the grey, dismal sky. Where droplets of rain are rolling down the window, and you can hear the thunderous cascading rain hitting the roof. At this moment in conviction you are hopelessly hoping that eventually this annoying rainy weather will just stop What really ticks me off is that the winter weather causes many another(prenominal) disruptions to the public transport system, not that it was the most efficient method of operate anyway.It also causes many businesses and schools to close early which plays mostly in party favour for school students. Roads are blocked by the snow and this irritates drivers because they are blinded by the fog, this is disastrous for the economy apparently, because Britain is always caught unprepared even though we experience snowy and foggy conditions almost eve ry year. In summary dont even bother to listen to the weather forecast as they talk complete nonsense, and make sure your prepared at least take a coat because it could start raining after all we do live in England.